Hacia un futuro sin cianuro en la extracción de oro
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abr 23, 2025
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https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v32n0a44
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Leticia Lozada-Rodríguez
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8155-685X
Sara A. Cortes-Llamas
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3007-6498
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8155-685X
Sara A. Cortes-Llamas
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3007-6498
Resumen
Se ofrece al lector un panorama general de los compuestos empleados en la lixiviación del oro, el cual está enfocado principalmente en las alternativas que no utilizan cianuro y que resultan menos tóxicas para el humano y más amigables con el medioambiente. Para ello, se realizó la búsqueda bibliográfica correspondiente. Se concluye que a pesar de que existen varias alternativas no cianuradas para la lixiviación aún no logran ser tan eficientes como el cianuro. Esto abre un gran campo para la investigación de nuevos compuestos que logren extraer oro de forma eficiente, no sean tóxicos y no representen un riesgo medioambiental.
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LOZADA-RODRÍGUEZ, Leticia; CORTES-LLAMAS, Sara A..
Hacia un futuro sin cianuro en la extracción de oro.
CIENCIA ergo-sum, [S.l.], v. 32, abr. 2025.
ISSN 2395-8782.
Disponible en: <https://cienciaergosum.uaemex.mx/article/view/25286>. Fecha de acceso: 20 jul. 2026
doi: https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v32n0a44.
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Citas
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Denning, D. M., & Falvey, D. E. (2014). Solvent-Dependent Decarboxylation of 1,3-Dimethylimdazolium-2-Carboxylate. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 79(10), 4293-4299. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo5007575
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Maluckov, B. S. (2021). Biorecovery of nanogold and nanogold compounds from gold-containing ores and industrial wastes. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 105(9), 3471-3484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11277-z
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Rice, N. C., Rauscher, N. A., Langston, J. L., & Myers, T. M. (2018). Behavioral toxicity of sodium cyanide following oral ingestion in rats: Dose-dependent onset, severity, survival, and recovery. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 114, 145-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.033
Senanayake, G. (2004). Fundamentals and applications of metal-ligand complexes of gold (I/III) in non-cyanide gold processes. AUSIMM (pp. 113-122). https://www.ausimm.com/publications/conference-proceedings/green-processing-2004/fundamentals-and-applications-of-metal-ligand-complexes-of-goldiiii-in-non-cyanide-gold-processes/
Senanayake, G. (2012). Gold leaching by copper(II) in ammoniacal thiosulphate solutions in the presence of additives. Part I: A review of the effect of hard–soft and Lewis acid-base properties and interactions of ions. Hydrometallurgy, 115-116, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.11.011
Sousa, R., Futuro, A., Fiúza, A., Vila, M. C., & Dinis, M. L. (2018). Bromine leaching as an alternative method for gold dissolution. Minerals Engineering, 118, 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2017.12.019
Sun, Z., Cao, H., Xiao, Y., Sietsma, J., Jin, W., Agterhuis, H., & Yang, Y. (2017). Toward sustainability for recovery of critical metals from electronic waste: The hydrochemistry processes. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 5(7). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00841
Syed, S. (2012). Recovery of gold from secondary sources—A review. Hydrometallurgy, 115-116, 30-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.12.012
Xie, F., Chen, J., Wang, J., & Wang, W. (2021). Review of gold leaching in thiosulfate-based solutions. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 31(11), 3506-3529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65745-X
Yang, X., Moats, M. S., Miller, J. D., Wang, X., Shi, X., & Xu, H. (2011). Thiourea–thiocyanate leaching system for gold. Hydrometallurgy, 106(1-2), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.11.018
Zammit, C. M., Cook, N., Brugger, J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Reith, F. (2012). The future of biotechnology for gold exploration and processing. Minerals Engineering, 32, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2012.03.016
Zhang, Y., Cui, M., Wang, J., Liu, X., & Lyu, X. (2022). A review of gold extraction using alternatives to cyanide: Focus on current status and future prospects of the novel eco-friendly synthetic gold lixiviants. Minerals Engineering, 176, 107336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107336
Baghalha, M. (2007). Leaching of an oxide gold ore with chloride/hypochlorite solutions. International Journal of Mineral Processing, 82(4), 178-186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.minpro.2006.09.001
Baghalha, M. (2012). The leaching kinetics of an oxide gold ore with iodide/iodine solutions. Hydrometallurgy, 113-114, 42-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.11.013
Denning, D. M., & Falvey, D. E. (2014). Solvent-Dependent Decarboxylation of 1,3-Dimethylimdazolium-2-Carboxylate. The Journal of Organic Chemistry, 79(10), 4293-4299. https://doi.org/10.1021/jo5007575
Habashi, F. (1967). Kinetics and mechanism of gold and silver dissolution in cyanide solution. Butte: Montana College of Mineral Science and Technology.
Hilson, G., & Monhemius, A. J. (2006). Alternatives to cyanide in the gold mining industry: what prospects for the future? Journal of Cleaner Production, 14(12-13), 1158-1167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2004.09.005
Ilyas, S., & Lee, J. (2018). Gold Metallurgy and the Environment. Boca Raton: CRC Press.
Jorjani, E., & Askari Sabzkoohi, H. (2022). Gold leaching from ores using biogenic lixiviants – A review. Current Research in Biotechnology, 4, 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crbiot.2021.12.003
Li, J., & Miller, J. D. (2006). A review of gold leaching in acid thiourea solutions. Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy Review, 27(3), 177-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/08827500500339315
Li, K., Li, Q., Zhang, Y., Liu, X., Yang, Y., & Jiang, T. (2023). Improved thiourea leaching of gold from a gold ore using additives. Hydrometallurgy, 222, 106204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2023.106204
Lozada-Rodríguez, L., Pelayo-Vázquez, J. B., Rangel-Salas, I. I., Alvarado-Rodríguez, J. G., Peregrina-Lucano, A. A., Pérez-Centeno, A., López-Dellamary-Toral, F. A., & Cortes-Llamas, S. A. (2017). From metallic gold to [Au(NHC)2]+ complexes: an easy, one-pot method. Dalton Transactions, 46(12), 3809-3811. https://doi.org/10.1039/C7DT00322F
Maluckov, B. S. (2021). Biorecovery of nanogold and nanogold compounds from gold-containing ores and industrial wastes. Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, 105(9), 3471-3484. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-021-11277-z
Marsden, J. O., & Iain House, C. (2006). The chemistry of gold extraction (2nd. ed.). Littleton: Society for Mining, Metallurgy, and Exploration, Inc.
Marsen, J. O., & House, C. I. (2006). The chemistry of gold extraction (2nd. ed.). Littleton: Society for Mining, Metalurgy and Exploration, Inc.
McCracken, D. (2000). Gold Mining in the 21st Century. Chatsworth: Keene Engineering Co.
Molina-Paredes, A. A., Rubio, J. E., Flores-Moreno, R., Rivera, C., Sánchez-Castro, L. A., Luna-Valle, E., Rangel-Salas I. I., Peregrina-Lucano, A., Alvarado-Rodríguez J. G.,... & Cortés-Llamas, S. A. (2024). Toward elemental gold leaching: Synthesis of Au–NHC complexes from a masked NHC precursor. Inorganica Chimica Acta, 576, 122454. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ica.2024.122454
Mudder, T. I., & Botz, M. M. (2004). Cyanide and society : a critical review. The European Jouranl of Mineral Processing and Environmental Protection, 4(1), 62-74.
Muderawan, I. W., Karyasa, I. W., Tika, I. N., & Beni Widana, G. A. (2023). Chemistry and Biology of Cyanides: A Literature Review. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry and Environment, 6(2), 63-82. https://doi.org/10.21831/ijoce.v6i2.67030
Nesbitt, C. C., Milosavljevic, E. B., & Hendrix, J. L. (1990). Determination of the mechanism of the chlorination of gold in aqueous solutions. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 29(8), 1696-1700. https://doi.org/10.1021/ie00104a019
Nolan, S. P. (2011). The Development and Catalytic Uses of N-Heterocyclic Carbene Gold Complexes. Accounts of Chemical Research, 44(2), 91-100. https://doi.org/10.1021/ar1000764
Rice, N. C., Rauscher, N. A., Langston, J. L., & Myers, T. M. (2018). Behavioral toxicity of sodium cyanide following oral ingestion in rats: Dose-dependent onset, severity, survival, and recovery. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 114, 145-154. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2018.02.033
Senanayake, G. (2004). Fundamentals and applications of metal-ligand complexes of gold (I/III) in non-cyanide gold processes. AUSIMM (pp. 113-122). https://www.ausimm.com/publications/conference-proceedings/green-processing-2004/fundamentals-and-applications-of-metal-ligand-complexes-of-goldiiii-in-non-cyanide-gold-processes/
Senanayake, G. (2012). Gold leaching by copper(II) in ammoniacal thiosulphate solutions in the presence of additives. Part I: A review of the effect of hard–soft and Lewis acid-base properties and interactions of ions. Hydrometallurgy, 115-116, 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.11.011
Sousa, R., Futuro, A., Fiúza, A., Vila, M. C., & Dinis, M. L. (2018). Bromine leaching as an alternative method for gold dissolution. Minerals Engineering, 118, 16-23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2017.12.019
Sun, Z., Cao, H., Xiao, Y., Sietsma, J., Jin, W., Agterhuis, H., & Yang, Y. (2017). Toward sustainability for recovery of critical metals from electronic waste: The hydrochemistry processes. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering, 5(7). https://doi.org/10.1021/acssuschemeng.6b00841
Syed, S. (2012). Recovery of gold from secondary sources—A review. Hydrometallurgy, 115-116, 30-51. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2011.12.012
Xie, F., Chen, J., Wang, J., & Wang, W. (2021). Review of gold leaching in thiosulfate-based solutions. Transactions of Nonferrous Metals Society of China, 31(11), 3506-3529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1003-6326(21)65745-X
Yang, X., Moats, M. S., Miller, J. D., Wang, X., Shi, X., & Xu, H. (2011). Thiourea–thiocyanate leaching system for gold. Hydrometallurgy, 106(1-2), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hydromet.2010.11.018
Zammit, C. M., Cook, N., Brugger, J., Ciobanu, C. L., & Reith, F. (2012). The future of biotechnology for gold exploration and processing. Minerals Engineering, 32, 45-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2012.03.016
Zhang, Y., Cui, M., Wang, J., Liu, X., & Lyu, X. (2022). A review of gold extraction using alternatives to cyanide: Focus on current status and future prospects of the novel eco-friendly synthetic gold lixiviants. Minerals Engineering, 176, 107336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mineng.2021.107336