Bahía de San Quintín: laboratorio natural para el estudio del ciclo marino del nitrógeno San Quintin Bay: natural laboratory for the study of the marine nitrogen cycle
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mar 19, 2025
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https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v32n0a41
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Cristian Hakspiel Segura
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0664-5494
Víctor F. Camacho Ibar
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2424-1979
Guillermo A. Samperio Ramos
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3493-076X
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0664-5494
Víctor F. Camacho Ibar
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2424-1979
Guillermo A. Samperio Ramos
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3493-076X
Resumen
Se explican las rutas biogeoquímicas clave para el balance del nitrógeno en la Bahía de San Quintín, Baja California. Para ello, se describen los principales factores que influencian la actividad tanto de procesos reconocidos como de las rutas de remoción emergentes, propuestas o aceptadas en ambientes marinos recientemente. Además, se examina cómo la actividad ostrícola influye en el ingreso y remoción de nitrógeno en los sedimentos. Esta revisión destaca a la Bahía de San Quintín como un “laboratorio natural” para el estudio del ciclo del nitrógeno y como centinela frente a la variabilidad ambiental y climática. El nitrógeno es uno de los principales promotores de la productividad primaria en los ecosistemas marinos.
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HAKSPIEL SEGURA, Cristian; CAMACHO IBAR, Víctor F.; SAMPERIO RAMOS, Guillermo A..
Bahía de San Quintín: laboratorio natural para el estudio del ciclo marino del nitrógeno.
CIENCIA ergo-sum, [S.l.], v. 32, mar. 2025.
ISSN 2395-8782.
Disponible en: <https://cienciaergosum.uaemex.mx/article/view/23270>. Fecha de acceso: 18 ago. 2026
doi: https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v32n0a41.
Sección
Ciencias biológicas del mar y limnología
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
Citas
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Avendaño, K. A., Ponce-Jahen, S. J., Valenzuela, E. I., Pajares, S., Samperio-Ramos, G., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., & Cervantes, F. J. (2024). Nitrogen loss in coastal sediments driven by anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to microbial reduction of Mn(IV)-oxide. Science of the Total Environment, 903, 171368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171368
Aveytua-Alcazar, L., Melaku Canu, D., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., & Solidoro, C. (2020). Changes in upwelling regimes in a mediterranean-type lagoon: A model application. Ecological Modelling, 418, 108908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108908
Burdige, D. J. (2011). Estuarine and coastal sediments –coupled biogeochemical cycling. In R. Laane & J. J. Middelburg (Eds.), Treatise on estuarine and coastal science (vol. 5) (pp. 279-316). Elsevier. https://fs.wp.odu.edu/dburdige/wp-content/uploads/sites/1285/2016/04/2012-TOECS.pdf
Camacho-Ibar, V. F., Carriquiry, J. D., & Smith, S. V. (2003). Non-conservative P and N fluxes and net ecosystem production in San Quintin Bay, Mexico. Estuaries, 26, 1220-1237. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803626
Chen, J.-J., Erler, D. V., Wells, N. S., Huang, J., Welsh, D. T., & Eyre, B. D. (2021). Denitrification, anammox, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium across a mosaic of estuarine benthic habitats. Limnology and Oceanography, 66, 1281-1297. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11681
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Cuellar-Martinez, T., Ruiz-Fernández, A. C., Sánchez-Cabeza, J.-A. Pérez-Bernal, L.-H., & Sandoval-Gil, J. M. (2019). Relevance of carbon burial and storage in two contrasting blue carbon ecosystems of a north-east Pacific coastal lagoon. Science of the Total Environment, 675, 581-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.388
Damashek, J., & Francis, C. A. (2018). Microbial nitrogen cycling in estuaries: from genes to ecosystem processes. Estuaries and Coasts, 41, 626-660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-017-0306-2
Díaz, R. J., Rosenberg, R., & Sturdivant, K. (2019). Hypoxia in estuaries and semi-enclosed seas. In D. Laffoley & J. M. Baxter (Eds.), Ocean deoxygenation: everyone’s problem. Causes, impacts, consequences and solutions (pp. 32-46). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/02.5%20DEOX.pdf
Evans, N., Tichota, J., Ruef, W., Moffett, J., & Devol, A. (2023). Rapid expansion of fixed nitrogen deficit in the eastern Pacific Ocean revealed by 50-year time series. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 37, e2022GB007575. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007575
Fortune, J., Butler, E. C. V., & Gibb, K. (2023). Estuarine benthic habitats provide an important ecosystem service regulating the nitrogen cycle. Marine Environmental Research, 190, 106121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106121
Granillo, M. I., Lazo de la Vega, A., Martínez-Ríos, Peynador, C., & Gómez-León, D. E. (2012). Diagnóstico y restauración de los humedales Ramsar de Baja California. En Componente II: Proceso de Planificación para la Conservación de Sitios (PCS) para los humedales Ramsar de Baja California (segunda edición). Secretaría de Protección al Ambiente. Gobierno del Estado de Baja California, Pro Esteros, A.C., Centro Mexicano de Estudios para la Conservación, A.C. https://proesteros.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Componente2.pdf
Hakspiel-Segura, C. (2014). Rutas y procesos fisiológicos del ciclo del nitrógeno en Cuenca Alfonso, Golfo de California (tesis de doctorado en Ciencias Marinas). CICIMAR-IPN.
Hernández-Ayón, J. M., Galindo-Bect, M. S., Camacho-Ibar, V., García-Esquivel, Z., González-Gómez, M. A., & Ley-Lou, F. (2004). Dinámica de los nutrientes en el brazo oeste de Bahía San Quintín, Baja California, México, durante y después de El Niño 1997/1998. Ciencias Marinas, 30, 119-132. https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v30i11.115
Jorgensen, P., Ibarra-Obando, S. E., & Carriquiry, J. D. (2007). Top-down and bottom-up stabilizing mechanisms in eelgrass meadows differentially affected by coastal upwelling. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 333, 81-93. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps333081
Keyes, A. A., McLaughlin, J. P., Barner, A. K., & Dee, L. E. (2021). An ecological network approach to predict ecosystem service vulnerability to species losses. Nature Communications, 12, 1586. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21824-x
Krause, J. R., Hinojosa-Corona, A., Gray, A. B., & Burke Watson, E. (2021). Emerging sensor platforms allow for seagrass extent mapping in a turbid estuary and from the meadow to ecosystem scale. Remote Sensing, 13, 3681. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183681
Melaku-Canu, D., Aveytua-Alcazar, L., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., Querin, S., & Solidoro, C. (2016). Hydrodynamic properties of San Quintin Bay, Baja California: merging models and observations. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 108(1-2), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.04.030
Moore, C. M., Mills, M. M., Arrigo, K. R., Berman-Frank, I., Bopp, L., Boyd, P. W., Galbraith, E. D., Geider, R. J., Guieu, C.,… & Ulloa O. (2013). Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation. Nature Geoscience, 6(9), 701-710. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1765
Ribas-Ribas, M., Hernández-Ayón, J. M., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., Cabello-Pasini, A., Mejía-Trejo, A., Durazo, R., Galindo-Bect S., Souza, A. J., Forja J. M., & Siqueiros-Valencia, A. (2011). Effects of upwelling, tides and biological processes on the inorganic carbon system of a coastal lagoon in Baja California. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 95, 367-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.09.017
Ríos del Toro, E. E., Valenzuela, E. I., López-Lozano, N. E., Cortés-Martínez, M. G., Sánchez-Rodríguez, M. A., Calvario-Martínez, O., Sánchez-Carrillo, S., & Cervantes, F. J. (2018a). Anaerobic ammonium oxidation linked to sulfate and ferric iron reduction fuels nitrogen loss in marine sediments. Biodegradation, 29, 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-018-9839-8
Ríos del Toro, E. E, Valenzuela, E. I., Ramírez, J. E., López-Lozano, N. E., & Cervantes, F. J. (2018b). Anaerobic ammonium oxidation linked to microbial reduction of natural organic matter in marine sediments. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 5, 571-577. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00330
Rodríguez, V. R. (2022). San Quintín Bay, Mexico: The daily mission to protect its volcanoes and coast. Earth Journalism Network. https://earthjournalism.net/stories/san-quintin-bay-mexico-the-daily-mission-to-protect-its-volcanoes-and-coast
Samperio-Ramos, G. A., Hernández-Sánchez, O., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., Pajares, S., Gutiérrez, A., Sandoval-Gil, J. M., Reyes, M., De Gyves, S., Balint, S., Oczkowski, A., Ponce-Jahen, S. J., & Cervantes F. J. (2024a). Ammonium loss microbiologically mediated by Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction along a coastal lagoon system. Chemosphere, 349, 140933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140933
Samperio-Ramos, G. A, Vidal-Nieves, C., García-Esquivel, Z., Herzka, S. Z., Sandoval-Gil, J. M., & Camacho-Ibar, V. F. (2024b). Environmental influence on feeding and biodeposition rates of pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) throughout its culture cycle in a coastal lagoon with upwelling influence. Estuaries and Coasts, 47, 1282-1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-024-01357-4
Samperio-Ramos, G. A, Hernández-Sánchez, O., Velásquez-Aristizábal, J. A., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., Pajares, S., Gutiérrez, A., Aldrich, A., & Cervantes, F. J. (2026). Regulation of ammonium loss under contrasting upwelling conditions: Sensitivity of Feammox to environmental drivers. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. Advance article. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EM00257E
Sandoval-Gil, J. M., Alexandre, A., & Santos, R. (2016). Nitrogen uptake and internal recycling in Zostera marina exposed to oyster farming: eelgrass potential as a natural biofilter. Estuaries and Coasts, 39, 1694-1708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-016-0102-4
Sandoval-Gil, J. M., Ávila-López, M. C., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., Hernández-Ayón, J. M., Zertuche-González, J. A., & Cabello-Pasini, A. (2019). Regulation of nitrate uptake by the seagrass Zostera marina during upwelling. Estuaries and Coasts, 42, 731-742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00523-3
Solís-Tuberquia, W. (2023). Efecto de la ostricultura en los procesos sedimentarios de reducción desasimilatoria de nitrato en una laguna costera: uso de la técnica de emparejamiento isotópico revisada (R IPT-DNRA) en un sistema de flujo continuo (tesis de maestría en Oceanografía Costera). Universidad Autónoma Baja California.
Turk-Kubo, K. A., Mills, M. M., Arrigo, K. R., Van Dijken, G., Henke, B. A, Stewart, B., Wilson, S. T., & Zehr J. P . (2021). UCYN-A/haptophyte symbioses dominate N2 fixation in the Southern California Current System. ISME Communications, 1, 42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43705-021-00039-7
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Aldrich, A., Hakspiel-Segura, C., Samperio-Ramos, G. A., Delgadillo Hinojosa, F., Camacho Ibar, V. F., & Falcon, L. (2024). Sulphate-reducing bacteria dominate the benthic biological nitrogen fixation in an upwelling-influenced coastal lagoon [Poster Number 17]. ASLO 2024 Meeting. 2-7 June 2024. Madison-Wisconsin, USA. Adapting to a Changing World. https://aslo.secure-platform.com/2024/solicitations/14/sessiongallery/1319/application/8449
Avendaño, K. A., Ponce-Jahen, S. J., Valenzuela, E. I., Pajares, S., Samperio-Ramos, G., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., & Cervantes, F. J. (2024). Nitrogen loss in coastal sediments driven by anaerobic ammonium oxidation coupled to microbial reduction of Mn(IV)-oxide. Science of the Total Environment, 903, 171368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171368
Aveytua-Alcazar, L., Melaku Canu, D., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., & Solidoro, C. (2020). Changes in upwelling regimes in a mediterranean-type lagoon: A model application. Ecological Modelling, 418, 108908. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2019.108908
Burdige, D. J. (2011). Estuarine and coastal sediments –coupled biogeochemical cycling. In R. Laane & J. J. Middelburg (Eds.), Treatise on estuarine and coastal science (vol. 5) (pp. 279-316). Elsevier. https://fs.wp.odu.edu/dburdige/wp-content/uploads/sites/1285/2016/04/2012-TOECS.pdf
Camacho-Ibar, V. F., Carriquiry, J. D., & Smith, S. V. (2003). Non-conservative P and N fluxes and net ecosystem production in San Quintin Bay, Mexico. Estuaries, 26, 1220-1237. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02803626
Chen, J.-J., Erler, D. V., Wells, N. S., Huang, J., Welsh, D. T., & Eyre, B. D. (2021). Denitrification, anammox, and dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium across a mosaic of estuarine benthic habitats. Limnology and Oceanography, 66, 1281-1297. https://doi.org/10.1002/lno.11681
CONABIO (Comisión Nacional para el Conocimiento y Uso de la Biodiversidad). (1999). Áreas importantes para la conservación de las aves en México. Área de San Quintín. http://conabioweb.conabio.gob.mx/aicas/doctos/NO-13.html
CONANP (Comisión Nacional de Áreas Naturales Protegidas). (2023). Estudio previo justificativo para el establecimiento del área natural protegida Parque Nacional San Quintín, Baja California, México. https://www.conanp.gob.mx/pdf/separata/EPJ-PN-SanQuintin.pdf
Cuellar-Martinez, T., Ruiz-Fernández, A. C., Sánchez-Cabeza, J.-A. Pérez-Bernal, L.-H., & Sandoval-Gil, J. M. (2019). Relevance of carbon burial and storage in two contrasting blue carbon ecosystems of a north-east Pacific coastal lagoon. Science of the Total Environment, 675, 581-593. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.388
Damashek, J., & Francis, C. A. (2018). Microbial nitrogen cycling in estuaries: from genes to ecosystem processes. Estuaries and Coasts, 41, 626-660. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-017-0306-2
Díaz, R. J., Rosenberg, R., & Sturdivant, K. (2019). Hypoxia in estuaries and semi-enclosed seas. In D. Laffoley & J. M. Baxter (Eds.), Ocean deoxygenation: everyone’s problem. Causes, impacts, consequences and solutions (pp. 32-46). International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/02.5%20DEOX.pdf
Evans, N., Tichota, J., Ruef, W., Moffett, J., & Devol, A. (2023). Rapid expansion of fixed nitrogen deficit in the eastern Pacific Ocean revealed by 50-year time series. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 37, e2022GB007575. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007575
Fortune, J., Butler, E. C. V., & Gibb, K. (2023). Estuarine benthic habitats provide an important ecosystem service regulating the nitrogen cycle. Marine Environmental Research, 190, 106121. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marenvres.2023.106121
Granillo, M. I., Lazo de la Vega, A., Martínez-Ríos, Peynador, C., & Gómez-León, D. E. (2012). Diagnóstico y restauración de los humedales Ramsar de Baja California. En Componente II: Proceso de Planificación para la Conservación de Sitios (PCS) para los humedales Ramsar de Baja California (segunda edición). Secretaría de Protección al Ambiente. Gobierno del Estado de Baja California, Pro Esteros, A.C., Centro Mexicano de Estudios para la Conservación, A.C. https://proesteros.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Componente2.pdf
Hakspiel-Segura, C. (2014). Rutas y procesos fisiológicos del ciclo del nitrógeno en Cuenca Alfonso, Golfo de California (tesis de doctorado en Ciencias Marinas). CICIMAR-IPN.
Hernández-Ayón, J. M., Galindo-Bect, M. S., Camacho-Ibar, V., García-Esquivel, Z., González-Gómez, M. A., & Ley-Lou, F. (2004). Dinámica de los nutrientes en el brazo oeste de Bahía San Quintín, Baja California, México, durante y después de El Niño 1997/1998. Ciencias Marinas, 30, 119-132. https://doi.org/10.7773/cm.v30i11.115
Jorgensen, P., Ibarra-Obando, S. E., & Carriquiry, J. D. (2007). Top-down and bottom-up stabilizing mechanisms in eelgrass meadows differentially affected by coastal upwelling. Marine Ecology Progress Series, 333, 81-93. https://doi.org/10.3354/meps333081
Keyes, A. A., McLaughlin, J. P., Barner, A. K., & Dee, L. E. (2021). An ecological network approach to predict ecosystem service vulnerability to species losses. Nature Communications, 12, 1586. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-021-21824-x
Krause, J. R., Hinojosa-Corona, A., Gray, A. B., & Burke Watson, E. (2021). Emerging sensor platforms allow for seagrass extent mapping in a turbid estuary and from the meadow to ecosystem scale. Remote Sensing, 13, 3681. https://doi.org/10.3390/rs13183681
Melaku-Canu, D., Aveytua-Alcazar, L., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., Querin, S., & Solidoro, C. (2016). Hydrodynamic properties of San Quintin Bay, Baja California: merging models and observations. Marine Pollution Bulletin, 108(1-2), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.04.030
Moore, C. M., Mills, M. M., Arrigo, K. R., Berman-Frank, I., Bopp, L., Boyd, P. W., Galbraith, E. D., Geider, R. J., Guieu, C.,… & Ulloa O. (2013). Processes and patterns of oceanic nutrient limitation. Nature Geoscience, 6(9), 701-710. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo1765
Ribas-Ribas, M., Hernández-Ayón, J. M., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., Cabello-Pasini, A., Mejía-Trejo, A., Durazo, R., Galindo-Bect S., Souza, A. J., Forja J. M., & Siqueiros-Valencia, A. (2011). Effects of upwelling, tides and biological processes on the inorganic carbon system of a coastal lagoon in Baja California. Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, 95, 367-376. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecss.2011.09.017
Ríos del Toro, E. E., Valenzuela, E. I., López-Lozano, N. E., Cortés-Martínez, M. G., Sánchez-Rodríguez, M. A., Calvario-Martínez, O., Sánchez-Carrillo, S., & Cervantes, F. J. (2018a). Anaerobic ammonium oxidation linked to sulfate and ferric iron reduction fuels nitrogen loss in marine sediments. Biodegradation, 29, 429-442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10532-018-9839-8
Ríos del Toro, E. E, Valenzuela, E. I., Ramírez, J. E., López-Lozano, N. E., & Cervantes, F. J. (2018b). Anaerobic ammonium oxidation linked to microbial reduction of natural organic matter in marine sediments. Environmental Science & Technology Letters, 5, 571-577. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.8b00330
Rodríguez, V. R. (2022). San Quintín Bay, Mexico: The daily mission to protect its volcanoes and coast. Earth Journalism Network. https://earthjournalism.net/stories/san-quintin-bay-mexico-the-daily-mission-to-protect-its-volcanoes-and-coast
Samperio-Ramos, G. A., Hernández-Sánchez, O., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., Pajares, S., Gutiérrez, A., Sandoval-Gil, J. M., Reyes, M., De Gyves, S., Balint, S., Oczkowski, A., Ponce-Jahen, S. J., & Cervantes F. J. (2024a). Ammonium loss microbiologically mediated by Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reduction along a coastal lagoon system. Chemosphere, 349, 140933. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140933
Samperio-Ramos, G. A, Vidal-Nieves, C., García-Esquivel, Z., Herzka, S. Z., Sandoval-Gil, J. M., & Camacho-Ibar, V. F. (2024b). Environmental influence on feeding and biodeposition rates of pacific oysters (Crassostrea gigas) throughout its culture cycle in a coastal lagoon with upwelling influence. Estuaries and Coasts, 47, 1282-1298. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-024-01357-4
Samperio-Ramos, G. A, Hernández-Sánchez, O., Velásquez-Aristizábal, J. A., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., Pajares, S., Gutiérrez, A., Aldrich, A., & Cervantes, F. J. (2026). Regulation of ammonium loss under contrasting upwelling conditions: Sensitivity of Feammox to environmental drivers. Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. Advance article. https://doi.org/10.1039/D5EM00257E
Sandoval-Gil, J. M., Alexandre, A., & Santos, R. (2016). Nitrogen uptake and internal recycling in Zostera marina exposed to oyster farming: eelgrass potential as a natural biofilter. Estuaries and Coasts, 39, 1694-1708. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-016-0102-4
Sandoval-Gil, J. M., Ávila-López, M. C., Camacho-Ibar, V. F., Hernández-Ayón, J. M., Zertuche-González, J. A., & Cabello-Pasini, A. (2019). Regulation of nitrate uptake by the seagrass Zostera marina during upwelling. Estuaries and Coasts, 42, 731-742. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12237-019-00523-3
Solís-Tuberquia, W. (2023). Efecto de la ostricultura en los procesos sedimentarios de reducción desasimilatoria de nitrato en una laguna costera: uso de la técnica de emparejamiento isotópico revisada (R IPT-DNRA) en un sistema de flujo continuo (tesis de maestría en Oceanografía Costera). Universidad Autónoma Baja California.
Turk-Kubo, K. A., Mills, M. M., Arrigo, K. R., Van Dijken, G., Henke, B. A, Stewart, B., Wilson, S. T., & Zehr J. P . (2021). UCYN-A/haptophyte symbioses dominate N2 fixation in the Southern California Current System. ISME Communications, 1, 42. https://doi.org/10.1038/s43705-021-00039-7
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