Calentamiento global y refrigerantes: realidad y futuro
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ago 23, 2024
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https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v32n0a30
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Vicente Pérez-García
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2522-3812
Dario Méndez-Méndez
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8394-890X
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-2522-3812
Dario Méndez-Méndez
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-8394-890X
Resumen
Se presenta un panorama de la influencia de refrigerantes con bajo potencial de calentamiento global comparados al R134a según el impacto total equivalente de calentamiento (TEWI) y el rendimiento climático durante el ciclo de vida (LCCP). Ambos parámetros son analizados para los refrigerantes R513A, R1234ze(E) y R516A. Las pruebas se realizaron en una instalación de refrigeración experimental a una temperatura de evaporación de 0 °C y dos temperaturas de condensación, 35 °C y 45 °C. Para una temperatura de 45 °C, los refrigerantes R1234ze(E) y R516A reducen las emisiones de CO2-eq en un 16.0% y 11.6%, según el TEWI. En términos del LCCP, los refrigerantes R513A, R516A y R1234ze(E) evitan la emisión de 1 212, 2 204 y 2 669 kg CO2-eq respectivamente.
Article Details
Como citar
PÉREZ-GARCÍA, Vicente; MÉNDEZ-MÉNDEZ, Dario.
Calentamiento global y refrigerantes: realidad y futuro.
CIENCIA ergo-sum, [S.l.], v. 32, ago. 2024.
ISSN 2395-8782.
Disponible en: <https://cienciaergosum.uaemex.mx/article/view/21788>. Fecha de acceso: 13 feb. 2026
doi: https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v32n0a30.
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Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
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carbon dioxide emissions of R134a alternatives in water-cooled centrifugal chillers using the life cycle
climate performance framework. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11, 1293993. https://doi.org/10.3389/
fenrg.2023.1293993
Al-Sayyab, A. K. S., Navarro-Esbrí, J., Barragán-Cervera, Á., Kim, S., & Mota-Babiloni, A. (2022). Comprehensive
experimental evaluation of R1234yf-based low GWP working fluids for refrigeration and
heat pumps. Energy Conversion and Management, 258, 115378. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.
2022.115378
Azar, C., & Johansson, D. J. (2012). On the relationship between metrics to compare green house gases the
case of IGTP, GWP and SGTP. Earth System Dynamics, 3(2), 139-147.
Bitzer. (2023). Sistema de climatización. https://www.bitzer.de/es/es/aire-acondicionado-y-refrigeracion-
de-procesos/sistema-de-climatizacion/
CRE (Comisión Reguladora de Energía). (2023). Factor de Emisión del Sistema Eléctrico Nacional 2023.
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INEGI (Instituto Nacional de Estadística Geografía e Informática). (2020). ENIGH (Encuesta Nacional de
Ingresos y Gastos de los Hogares). Nueva serie. https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/enigh/nc/2020/#-
Tabulados
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency). (2016). Transitioning to low-GWP alternatives in commercial
refrigeration. USA Environmental Protection Agency.
EUR-Lex. (2024). Regulation (EU) 2024/573 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 7 February
2024 on fluorinated greenhouse gases, amending Directive (EU) 2019/1937 and repealing Regulation
(EU) No 517/2014 (Text with EEA relevance). Official Journal of the European Union. http://www.
eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/reg/2024/573/oj
IIR (International Institute of Refrigeration). (2017). 35th Informatory Note on Refrigeration Technologies/
The impact of the refrigeration sector on climate change. http://www.iifiir.org /en/fridoc/the-impactof-
the-refrigeration-sector-on-climate-change-141135
IIR (International Institute of Refrigeration). (2019). 38th informatory note on refrigeration technologies/the role
of refrigeration in the global economy. http://www.iifiir.org/en/fridoc/the-role-of-refrigeration-in-the-global-
economy-2019-142028
Llopis, R., Calleja-Anta, D., Maiorino, A., Nebot-Andrés, L., Sánchez, D., & Cabello, R. (2020). TEWI analysis
of a stand-alone refrigeration system using low-GWP fluids with leakage ratio consideration. International
Journal of Refrigeration, 118, 279-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2020.05.028
Méndez-Méndez, D., Pérez-García, V., Belman-Flores, J. M., Riesco-Ávila, J. M., & Barroso-Maldonado, J. M.
(2022). Internal heat exchanger influence in operational cost and environmental impact of an experimental
installation using low GWP refrigerant for HVAC conditions. Sustainability, 14(10), 6008. https://doi.
org/10.3390/su14106008
Méndez-Méndez, D., Pérez-García, V., & Morales-Fuentes, A. (2023). Experimental energy evaluation of R516A
and R513A as replacement of R134a in refrigeration and air conditioning modes. International Journal of
Refrigeration, 154, 73-83. https://doi.org/10.106/j.ijrefrig.2023.06.003
Miranda, N., Khosla, R., Lynch, J., Allen, M., & McCulloch, M. (2023). Global warming from refrigerant HFCs is underestimated by their CO2 equivalent emissions within the century (Preprint). https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-2349691/v1
Mordor Intelligence. (2023). Análisis de participación y tamaño del mercado de HVAC de EE. UU. tendencias de
crecimiento y pronósticos (2024-2029). https://www.mordorintelligence.com/es/industry-reports/unitedstates-
hvac-services-market. https://www.mordorintelligence.com/es/industry-reports/united-states-hvacservices-
market
Mundo HVAC&R. (2023). Estimaciones de crecimiento para el mercado HVAC en el 2023. https://www.mundohvacr.
com/2023/01/estimaciones-de-crecimiento-para-el-mercado-hvac-en-el-2023/
Purohit, P., Borgford-Parnell, N., Klimont, Z., & Hoglund-Isaksson, L. (2022). Achieving Paris climate goals
calls for increasing ambition of the Kigali amendment. Nature Climate Change, 12(4), 339-342. https://
doi.org/10.1038/s41558-022-01310-y
SEMARNAT (Secretaría de Medio Ambiente y Recursos Naturales). (2018). El ciclo de refrigeración. http://
apps2.semarnat.gob.mx:8080/sissao/archivos/Ciclo de Refrig.pdf
Torres Gomez, R. I. (2011). Principios de refrigeración. Instituto Tecnológico de Minatitlán. https://temariosformativosprofesionales.
files.wordpress.com/2015/02/principios-de-refrigeracion.pdf
UNIDO (United Nations Industrial Development Organization). (2009). Preparing for HCFC phase-out: Fundamentals
of uses, alternatives, implications and funding for article 5 countries. https://www.unido.org/sites/
default/files/2009-10/Preparing_for_HCFC_phaseout_0.pdf
Wang, F., & You, T. (2023). Comparative analysis on the life cycle climate performance of ground source heat pump
using alternative refrigerants. Case Studies in Thermal Engineering, 42, 102761. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.
csite.2023.102761
Wan, H., Cao, T., Hwang, Y., Radermacher, R., Andersen, S. O., & Chin, S. (2021). A comprehensive review of
life cycle climate performance (LCCP) for air conditioning systems. International Journal of Refrigeration,
130, 187-198. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijrefrig.2021.06.026
Wang, Y., Cao, Q., Liu, L., Wu, Y., Liu, H., Gu, Z., & Zhu, C. (2022). A review of low and zero carbon fuel technologies:
Achieving ship carbon reduction targets. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments, 54,
102762. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2022.102762