Presencia de los retardantes de flama bromados en México: una revisión
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abr 24, 2024
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https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v31n0a32
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Hugo F. Olivares-Rubio
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7082-4588
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7082-4588
Resumen
Se discute la presencia de los retardantes de flama bromados en México y se propone un análisis de prospección. Mediante una revisión bibliográfica de 16 artículos de investigación científica, se reporta la presencia de estos compuestos en costas, suelos, vertederos, lagunas costeras y efluentes de plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales, en los huevos del halcón aplomado y en la piel del tiburón ballena, así como también en la sangre de habitantes de algunos estados del país. Se desconoce la presencia de estos contaminantes en otros ambientes mexicanos y sus efectos en su biota. Se requieren más estudios para ampliar los conocimientos en este tema.
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Como citar
OLIVARES-RUBIO, Hugo F..
Presencia de los retardantes de flama bromados en México: una revisión.
CIENCIA ergo-sum, [S.l.], v. 31, abr. 2024.
ISSN 2395-8782.
Disponible en: <https://cienciaergosum.uaemex.mx/article/view/19857>. Fecha de acceso: 25 jun. 2025
doi: https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v31n0a32.
Sección
Ciencias biológicas del mar y limnología
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
Citas
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Beristain-Montiel, E., Villalobos-Pietrini, R., Nuñez-Vilchis, A., Arias-Loaiza, G. E., Hernández-Paniagua, I. Y., & Amador-Muñoz, O. (2020). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochloride pesticides in the organic matter of air suspended particles in Mexico valley: A diagnostic to evaluate public policies. Environmental Pollution, 267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115637
Birnbaum, L. S., & Staskal, D. F. (2004). Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern?. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6559
Covaci, A., Gerecke, A. C., Law, R. J., Voorspoels, S., Kohler, M., Heeb, N. V., Leslie H., Allchin, C. R., De Boer, J. (2006). Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in the environment and humans: a review. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(12), 3679-3688. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0602492
De Wit, C. A. (2002). An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere, 46(5), 583-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00225-9
Ding, X., Liu, J., & Wen, W. (2019). Brominated flame retardants in edible fishes from Three Gorges reservoir, China. Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua, 10(4), 46-65. https://doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2019-04-03
Eskenazi, B., Fenster, L., Castorina, R., Marks, A. R., Sjödin, A., Rosas, L. G., Holland N., Garcia Guerra A., Lopez-Carillo L., & Bradman, A. (2011). A comparison of PBDE serum concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American children living in California. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(10), 1442-1448. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002874
Fossi, M. C., Baini, M., Panti, C., Galli, M., Jiménez, B., Muñoz-Arnanz, J., Marsili, L., Finoia M. G., & Ramírez-Macías, D. (2017). Are whale sharks exposed to persistent organic pollutants and plastic pollution in the Gulf of California (Mexico)? First ecotoxicological investigation using skin biopsies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 199, 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.03.002
Gaion, A., Morgan, E., Collier, S., & Sartori, D. (2021). Bioaccumulation of different congeners of Poly-Brominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in muscle tissue of males and females of Clupea harengus from the North Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(23), 30414-30421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14347-x
Gavilán-García, I., Santos-Santos, E., Gavilán-García A., Beristain-Montiel, E., & González-González, L. A. (2017). Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) analysis in leachates and sludge from a landfill and wastewater plant in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 7(459), 2161-0525. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000459
Geissen, V., Mol, H., Klumpp, E., Umlauf, G., Nadal, M., Van der Ploeg, M., van de Zee S. E. A. T. M., & Ritsema, C. J. (2015). Emerging pollutants in the environment: a challenge for water resource management. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 3(1), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.03.002
Grün, F. (2010). Obesogens. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, 17(5), 453-459. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e32833ddea0
Iqbal, M., Syed, J. H., Katsoyiannis, A., Malik, R. N., Farooqi, A., Butt, A., Li, J., Zhang G., Cincinelli, A., & Jones, K. C. (2017). Legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) in the freshwater ecosystem: a review. Environmental Research, 152, 26-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.024
Law, K., Halldorson, T., Danell, R., Stern, G., Gewurtz, S., Alaee, M., Marvin C., Whittle, M., & cTomy, G. (2006). Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of some brominated flame retardants in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25(8), 2177-2186. https://doi.org/10.1897/05-500R.1
Li, X., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Wang, P., Yang, H., Jiang, G., & Wei, F. (2011). Evaluation of atmospheric sources of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs around a steel industrial complex in northeast China using passive air samplers. Chemosphere, 84(7), 957-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.004
Li, Y., Geng, D., Liu, F., Wang, T., Wang, P., Zhang, Q., & Jiang, G. (2012). Study of PCBs and PBDEs in King George Island, Antarctica, using PUF passive air sampling. Atmospheric Environment, 51, 140-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.034
Macías-Zamora, J. V., Ramírez-Álvarez, N., Hernández-Guzmán, F. A., & Mejía-Trejo, A. (2016). On the sources of PBDEs in coastal marine sediments off Baja California, Mexico. Science of the Total Environment, 57, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.142
McAvoy, D. C., Pittinger, C. A., & Willis, A.M. (2016). Biotransformation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in anaerobic digester sludge, soils, and freshwater sediments. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 131, 143-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.07.009
Malkoske, T., Tang, Y., Xu, W., Yu, S., & Wang, H. (2016). A review of the environmental distribution, fate, and control of tetrabromobisphenol A released from sources. Science of the Total Environment, 569, 1608-1617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.062
Mora, M. A., Baxter, C., Sericano, J. L., Montoya, A. B., Gallardo, J. C., & Rodríguez-Salazar, J. R. (2011). PBDEs, PCBs, and DDE in eggs and their impacts on aplomado falcons (Falco femoralis) from Chihuahua and Veracruz, Mexico. Environmental Pollution, 159(12), 3433-3438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.025
Ochoa-Martinez, A. C., Orta-Garcia, S. T., Rico-Escobar, E. M., Carrizales-Yañez, L., Del Campo, J. D. M., Pruneda-Alvarez, L. G., Ruiz-Vera T., Gonzalez-Palomo A. K., Piña-Lopez I. G., Torres-Dosal A., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. N. (2016). Exposure assessment to environmental chemicals in children from Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 70(4), 657-670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-016-0273-9
Orta-García, S. T., León-Moreno, L. C., González-Vega, C., Dominguez-Cortinas, G., Espinosa-Reyes, G., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. N. (2012). Assessment of the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood samples from Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 89(4), 925-929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0727-3
Orta-García, S., Pérez-Vázquez, F., González-Vega, C., Varela-Silva, J. A., Hernández-González, L., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. (2014). Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human blood samples from Mexico City, Mexico. Science of the Total Environment, 472, 496-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.059
Orta-García, S. T., Ochoa-Martinez, A. C., Carrizalez-Yáñez, L., Varela-Silva, J. A., Pérez-Vázquez, F. J., Pruneda-Álvarez, L. G., Torres-Dosal A., Guzmán-Mar J. L., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. N. (2016). Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metal concentrations in soil from the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 70(3), 452-463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0239-3
Orta-García, S. T., Ochoa-Martínez, Á. C., Varela-Silva, J. A., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. N. (2018). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) levels in blood samples from children living in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 28(1), 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2018.1429578
Pantelaki, I., & Voutsa, D. (2019). Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): A review on analytical methods and occurrence in wastewater and aquatic environment. Science of the Total Environment, 649, 247-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.286
Pérez-Vázquez, F. J., Flores-Ramirez, R., Ochoa-Martinez, A. C., Orta-Garcia, S. T., Hernandez-Castro, B., Carrizalez-Yañez, L., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. N. (2015). Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals in soil from San Luis Potosí, México. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(1), 4119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4119-5
Pérez-Vázquez, F. J., Orta-García, S. T., Ochoa-Martínez, Á. C., Pruneda-Álvarez, L. G., Ruiz-Vera, T., Jiménez-Avalos, J. A., González-Palomo, A. K., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. N. (2016). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) concentration in soil from San Luis Potosi, Mexico: levels and ecological and human health risk characterization. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 26(3), 239-253.
Rocha-Gutierrez, B., & Lee, W. Y. (2012). Determination and comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in primary, secondary, and tertiary wastewater treatment plants. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 92(13), 1518-1531. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2011.585713
Rocha-Gutierrez, B., & Lee, W. Y. (2013). Investigation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wastewater treatment plants along the US and Mexico border: a trans-boundary study. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 224(1), 1398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1398-8
Sanders, J. M., Knudsen, G. A., & Birnbaum, L. S. (2013). The fate of β-hexabromocyclododecane in female C57BL/6 mice. Toxicological Sciences, 134(2), 251-257. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft121
SEMARNAT (2017). Inventario de generación de residuos electrónicos en México. Escala nacional y estatal para Jalisco, Baja California y Ciudad de México. Resumen ejecutivo extendido [Año Base 2015]. México. https://semadet.jalisco.gob.mx/sites/semadet.jalisco.gob.mx/files/resumen_-ejecutivo_inventario_raee_final_1.pdf
Sun, F., Kolvenbach, B. A., Nastold, P., Jiang, B., Ji, R., & Corvini, P. F. X. (2014). Degradation and metabolism of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in submerged soil and soil–plant systems. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(24), 14291-14299. https://doi.org/10.1021/es503383h
Valenzuela-Sánchez, I. S., Gold-Bouchot, G., Hernández-Núñez, E., Barrientos-Medina, R. C., Garza-Gisholt, E., & Zapata-Pérez, O. (2018). Brominated flame retardants in sediments of four coastal lagoons of Yucatan, Mexico. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 101(2), 160-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2347-z
Xiong, P., Yan, X., Zhu, Q., Qu, G., Shi, J., Liao, C., & Jiang, G. (2019). A review of environmental occurrence, fate, and toxicity of novel brominated flame retardants. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(23), 13551-13569. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03159
Zhou, H., Xiang, N., Xie, J., & Diao, X. (2018). Ecotoxicology: the history and present direction. In: B. Fath (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Ecology (pp. 415-423). Elsevier.
Beristain-Montiel, E., Villalobos-Pietrini, R., Nuñez-Vilchis, A., Arias-Loaiza, G. E., Hernández-Paniagua, I. Y., & Amador-Muñoz, O. (2020). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers and organochloride pesticides in the organic matter of air suspended particles in Mexico valley: A diagnostic to evaluate public policies. Environmental Pollution, 267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115637
Birnbaum, L. S., & Staskal, D. F. (2004). Brominated flame retardants: cause for concern?. Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(1), 9-17. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.6559
Covaci, A., Gerecke, A. C., Law, R. J., Voorspoels, S., Kohler, M., Heeb, N. V., Leslie H., Allchin, C. R., De Boer, J. (2006). Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs) in the environment and humans: a review. Environmental Science & Technology, 40(12), 3679-3688. https://doi.org/10.1021/es0602492
De Wit, C. A. (2002). An overview of brominated flame retardants in the environment. Chemosphere, 46(5), 583-624. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00225-9
Ding, X., Liu, J., & Wen, W. (2019). Brominated flame retardants in edible fishes from Three Gorges reservoir, China. Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua, 10(4), 46-65. https://doi.org/10.24850/j-tyca-2019-04-03
Eskenazi, B., Fenster, L., Castorina, R., Marks, A. R., Sjödin, A., Rosas, L. G., Holland N., Garcia Guerra A., Lopez-Carillo L., & Bradman, A. (2011). A comparison of PBDE serum concentrations in Mexican and Mexican-American children living in California. Environmental Health Perspectives, 119(10), 1442-1448. https://doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1002874
Fossi, M. C., Baini, M., Panti, C., Galli, M., Jiménez, B., Muñoz-Arnanz, J., Marsili, L., Finoia M. G., & Ramírez-Macías, D. (2017). Are whale sharks exposed to persistent organic pollutants and plastic pollution in the Gulf of California (Mexico)? First ecotoxicological investigation using skin biopsies. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part C: Toxicology & Pharmacology, 199, 48-58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpc.2017.03.002
Gaion, A., Morgan, E., Collier, S., & Sartori, D. (2021). Bioaccumulation of different congeners of Poly-Brominated Diphenyl Ethers (PBDEs) in muscle tissue of males and females of Clupea harengus from the North Sea. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(23), 30414-30421. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-14347-x
Gavilán-García, I., Santos-Santos, E., Gavilán-García A., Beristain-Montiel, E., & González-González, L. A. (2017). Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs) analysis in leachates and sludge from a landfill and wastewater plant in the metropolitan area of Mexico City. Journal of Environmental & Analytical Toxicology, 7(459), 2161-0525. https://doi.org/10.4172/2161-0525.1000459
Geissen, V., Mol, H., Klumpp, E., Umlauf, G., Nadal, M., Van der Ploeg, M., van de Zee S. E. A. T. M., & Ritsema, C. J. (2015). Emerging pollutants in the environment: a challenge for water resource management. International Soil and Water Conservation Research, 3(1), 57-65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iswcr.2015.03.002
Grün, F. (2010). Obesogens. Current Opinion in Endocrinology, Diabetes and Obesity, 17(5), 453-459. https://doi.org/10.1097/MED.0b013e32833ddea0
Iqbal, M., Syed, J. H., Katsoyiannis, A., Malik, R. N., Farooqi, A., Butt, A., Li, J., Zhang G., Cincinelli, A., & Jones, K. C. (2017). Legacy and emerging flame retardants (FRs) in the freshwater ecosystem: a review. Environmental Research, 152, 26-42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2016.09.024
Law, K., Halldorson, T., Danell, R., Stern, G., Gewurtz, S., Alaee, M., Marvin C., Whittle, M., & cTomy, G. (2006). Bioaccumulation and trophic transfer of some brominated flame retardants in a Lake Winnipeg (Canada) food web. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 25(8), 2177-2186. https://doi.org/10.1897/05-500R.1
Li, X., Li, Y., Zhang, Q., Wang, P., Yang, H., Jiang, G., & Wei, F. (2011). Evaluation of atmospheric sources of PCDD/Fs, PCBs and PBDEs around a steel industrial complex in northeast China using passive air samplers. Chemosphere, 84(7), 957-963. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2011.06.004
Li, Y., Geng, D., Liu, F., Wang, T., Wang, P., Zhang, Q., & Jiang, G. (2012). Study of PCBs and PBDEs in King George Island, Antarctica, using PUF passive air sampling. Atmospheric Environment, 51, 140-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2012.01.034
Macías-Zamora, J. V., Ramírez-Álvarez, N., Hernández-Guzmán, F. A., & Mejía-Trejo, A. (2016). On the sources of PBDEs in coastal marine sediments off Baja California, Mexico. Science of the Total Environment, 57, 59-66. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.142
McAvoy, D. C., Pittinger, C. A., & Willis, A.M. (2016). Biotransformation of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in anaerobic digester sludge, soils, and freshwater sediments. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 131, 143-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.07.009
Malkoske, T., Tang, Y., Xu, W., Yu, S., & Wang, H. (2016). A review of the environmental distribution, fate, and control of tetrabromobisphenol A released from sources. Science of the Total Environment, 569, 1608-1617. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.06.062
Mora, M. A., Baxter, C., Sericano, J. L., Montoya, A. B., Gallardo, J. C., & Rodríguez-Salazar, J. R. (2011). PBDEs, PCBs, and DDE in eggs and their impacts on aplomado falcons (Falco femoralis) from Chihuahua and Veracruz, Mexico. Environmental Pollution, 159(12), 3433-3438. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2011.08.025
Ochoa-Martinez, A. C., Orta-Garcia, S. T., Rico-Escobar, E. M., Carrizales-Yañez, L., Del Campo, J. D. M., Pruneda-Alvarez, L. G., Ruiz-Vera T., Gonzalez-Palomo A. K., Piña-Lopez I. G., Torres-Dosal A., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. N. (2016). Exposure assessment to environmental chemicals in children from Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, Mexico. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 70(4), 657-670. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-016-0273-9
Orta-García, S. T., León-Moreno, L. C., González-Vega, C., Dominguez-Cortinas, G., Espinosa-Reyes, G., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. N. (2012). Assessment of the levels of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in blood samples from Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 89(4), 925-929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-012-0727-3
Orta-García, S., Pérez-Vázquez, F., González-Vega, C., Varela-Silva, J. A., Hernández-González, L., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. (2014). Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human blood samples from Mexico City, Mexico. Science of the Total Environment, 472, 496-501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2013.11.059
Orta-García, S. T., Ochoa-Martinez, A. C., Carrizalez-Yáñez, L., Varela-Silva, J. A., Pérez-Vázquez, F. J., Pruneda-Álvarez, L. G., Torres-Dosal A., Guzmán-Mar J. L., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. N. (2016). Persistent organic pollutants and heavy metal concentrations in soil from the Metropolitan Area of Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 70(3), 452-463. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00244-015-0239-3
Orta-García, S. T., Ochoa-Martínez, Á. C., Varela-Silva, J. A., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. N. (2018). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) levels in blood samples from children living in the metropolitan area of Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 28(1), 90-101. https://doi.org/10.1080/09603123.2018.1429578
Pantelaki, I., & Voutsa, D. (2019). Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs): A review on analytical methods and occurrence in wastewater and aquatic environment. Science of the Total Environment, 649, 247-263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.286
Pérez-Vázquez, F. J., Flores-Ramirez, R., Ochoa-Martinez, A. C., Orta-Garcia, S. T., Hernandez-Castro, B., Carrizalez-Yañez, L., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. N. (2015). Concentrations of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and heavy metals in soil from San Luis Potosí, México. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 187(1), 4119. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-014-4119-5
Pérez-Vázquez, F. J., Orta-García, S. T., Ochoa-Martínez, Á. C., Pruneda-Álvarez, L. G., Ruiz-Vera, T., Jiménez-Avalos, J. A., González-Palomo, A. K., & Pérez-Maldonado, I. N. (2016). Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) concentration in soil from San Luis Potosi, Mexico: levels and ecological and human health risk characterization. International Journal of Environmental Health Research, 26(3), 239-253.
Rocha-Gutierrez, B., & Lee, W. Y. (2012). Determination and comparison of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in primary, secondary, and tertiary wastewater treatment plants. International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, 92(13), 1518-1531. https://doi.org/10.1080/03067319.2011.585713
Rocha-Gutierrez, B., & Lee, W. Y. (2013). Investigation of polybrominated diphenyl ethers in wastewater treatment plants along the US and Mexico border: a trans-boundary study. Water, Air, & Soil Pollution, 224(1), 1398. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11270-012-1398-8
Sanders, J. M., Knudsen, G. A., & Birnbaum, L. S. (2013). The fate of β-hexabromocyclododecane in female C57BL/6 mice. Toxicological Sciences, 134(2), 251-257. https://doi.org/10.1093/toxsci/kft121
SEMARNAT (2017). Inventario de generación de residuos electrónicos en México. Escala nacional y estatal para Jalisco, Baja California y Ciudad de México. Resumen ejecutivo extendido [Año Base 2015]. México. https://semadet.jalisco.gob.mx/sites/semadet.jalisco.gob.mx/files/resumen_-ejecutivo_inventario_raee_final_1.pdf
Sun, F., Kolvenbach, B. A., Nastold, P., Jiang, B., Ji, R., & Corvini, P. F. X. (2014). Degradation and metabolism of tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) in submerged soil and soil–plant systems. Environmental Science & Technology, 48(24), 14291-14299. https://doi.org/10.1021/es503383h
Valenzuela-Sánchez, I. S., Gold-Bouchot, G., Hernández-Núñez, E., Barrientos-Medina, R. C., Garza-Gisholt, E., & Zapata-Pérez, O. (2018). Brominated flame retardants in sediments of four coastal lagoons of Yucatan, Mexico. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 101(2), 160-165. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00128-018-2347-z
Xiong, P., Yan, X., Zhu, Q., Qu, G., Shi, J., Liao, C., & Jiang, G. (2019). A review of environmental occurrence, fate, and toxicity of novel brominated flame retardants. Environmental Science & Technology, 53(23), 13551-13569. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.9b03159
Zhou, H., Xiang, N., Xie, J., & Diao, X. (2018). Ecotoxicology: the history and present direction. In: B. Fath (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Ecology (pp. 415-423). Elsevier.