Nucleosynthesis in the Cosmos: What we think we know and forthcoming questions
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jul 8, 2022
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https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v29n2a4
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Salvador Galindo Uribarri
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6883-0826
Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-6786
http://orcid.org/0000-0001-6883-0826
Jorge L. Cervantes-Cota
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3057-6786
Resumen
We present what we know on nucleosynthesis in the universe and hypotheses that have been made in this regard. A brief description of the universe’s evolution during its different stages is offered, indicating which are the periods and mechanisms of element formation. A critical prospective on future research is formulated to validate, modify, or reject the hypotheses formulated. These will involve joint observations that encompass finer measurements of cosmic background radiation, galaxy clusters, and gravitational waves produced by neutron star collisions. The information thus obtained will be combined with restrictions given by theoretical models. Perhaps many current doubts will be clarified, but new questions will arise.
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GALINDO URIBARRI, Salvador; CERVANTES-COTA, Jorge L..
Nucleosynthesis in the Cosmos: What we think we know and forthcoming questions.
CIENCIA ergo-sum, [S.l.], v. 29, n. 2, jul. 2022.
ISSN 2395-8782.
Disponible en: <https://cienciaergosum.uaemex.mx/article/view/15509>. Fecha de acceso: 18 ago. 2026
doi: https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v29n2a4.
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Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
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Abbott, B. P., Abbott, R., Abbott, T. D., Abraham, S., Acernese, F., Ackley, K., ... & Agathos, M. (2020). GW190425: Observation of a compact binary coalescence with total mass ∼ 3.4 M⊙. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 892(1).
Abel, T., Bryan, G. L., & Norman, M. L. (2002). The formation of the first star in the universe. Science, 295(5552), 93-98.
Arcavi, I., Hosseinzadeh, G., Howell, D. A., McCully, C., Poznanski, D., Kasen, D., ... & Valenti, S. (2017). Optical emission from a kilonova following a gravitational-wave-detected neutron-star merger. Nature, 551(7678), 64-66.
Bertulani, C. A., & Kajino T. (2016). Frontiers in Nuclear Astrophysics. Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, 89, 56.
Bliss, J., Witt, M., Arcones, A., Montes, F., & Pereira, J. (2018). Survey of astrophysical conditions in neutrino-driven supernova ejecta nucleosynthesis. The Astrophysical Journal, 855(2), 135.
Bovino, S., Grassi, T., Schleicher, D. R. G., & Latif, M. A. (2014). Formation of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars in the presence of far-ultraviolet radiation. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 790(2), L35.
Branch, D., Doggett, J. B., Nomoto, K., & Thielemann, F. K. (1985). Accreting white dwarf models for the type I supernovae. IV The optical spectrum of a carbon-deflagration supernova. The Astrophysical Journal, 294, 619-625
Bromm, V., Coppi, P. S., & Larson, R. B. (2002). The formation of the first stars. I. The primordial star-forming cloud. The Astrophysical Journal, 564(1), 23.
Bromm, V., Ferrara, A., Coppi, P. S., & Larson, R. B. (2001). The fragmentation of pre-enriched primordial objects. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 328(3), 969-976
Clarke, C., & Carswell, B. (2007). Astrophysical fluid dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cervantes-Cota, J. L., Galindo-Uribarri, S., & Smoot, G. F. (2016). A brief history of gravitational waves. Universe, 2(3), 22.
Fields, B. D. (2011). The primordial lithium problem. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, 61, 47-68.
Fields, B. D., Olive, K. A., Yeh, T. H., & Young, C. (2020). Big-bang nucleosynthesis after Planck. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 03, 010.
Fryer, C. L., Woosley, S. E., & Heger, A. (2001). Pair-instability supernovae, gravity waves, and gamma-ray transients. The Astrophysical Journal, 550(1), 372
Gilmore, G. (2004). The short spectacular life of a superstar. Science, 304(5679), 1915-1916.
Gnedin, N. Y. (2004). Reionization, SLOAN, and WMAP: Is the Picture Consistent? The Astrophysical Journal, 610(1), 9.
Gribbin, J. (2016). 13.8 The Quest to find the true age of the universe and the theory of everything. Yale University Press.
Haiman, Z., Abel, T., & Rees, M. J. (2000). The radiative feedback of the first cosmological objects. The Astrophysical Journal, 534(1), 11
Heger, A., Fryer, C. L., Woosley, S. E., Langer, N., & Hartmann, D. H. (2003). How massive single stars end their life. The Astrophysical Journal, 591(1), 288
Hogan, C. J. (2000). Why the Universe is just so. Reviews of Modern Physics, 72(4), 1149.
Iocco, F., Mangano, G., Miele, G., Pisanti, O., & Serpico, P. D. (2009). Primordial nucleosynthesis: From precision cosmology to fundamental physics. Physics Reports, 472(1-6), 1-76
Ji, A. P., Frebel, A., Chiti, A., & Simon, J. D. (2016). R-process enrichment from a single event in an ancient dwarf galaxy. Nature, 531(7596), 610-613.
Johnson, J. A., Fields, B. D., & Thompson, T. A. (2020). The origin of the elements: A century of progress. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 378(2180), 20190301.
Karki, R. (2010). The foreground of big bang nucleosynthesis. The Himalayan Physics, 1(1), 79-82. https://doi.org/10.3126/hj.v1i0.5186
Kasai, M. (1993). Inhomogeneous cosmological models which are homogeneous and isotropic on average. Physical Review D, 47(8), 3214.
Keller, S. C., Bessell, M. S., Frebel, A., Casey, A. R., Asplund, M., Jacobson, H. R., ... & Magic, Z. (2014). A single low-energy, iron-poor supernova as the source of metals in the star SMSS J031300.36-670839.3. Nature, 506(7489), 463-466.
Klapp, J., Bahena, D. y Galindo, S. (2007). Evolución estelar y nucleosíntesis, en Notas de la V Escuela Mexicana de Física Nuclear DFN-SMF.
Kuchner, M. J., Kirshner, R. P., Pinto, P. A., & Leibundgut, B. (1994). Evidence for Ni-56 yields Co-56 yields Fe-56 decay in type IA supernovae. The Astrophysical Journal, 426, 89-92
Longair, M. (2008). Galaxy formation. Springer.
Mackey, J., Bromm, V., & Hernquist, L. (2003). Three epochs of star formation in the high-redshift universe. The Astrophysical Journal, 586(1), 1.
Mazzali, P. A., Röpke, F. K., Benetti, S., & Hillebrandt, W. (2007). A common explosion mechanism for type la supernovae. Science, 315(5813), 825-828
Nomoto, K., Thielemann, F. K., & Yokoi, K. (1984). Accreting white dwarf models of Type I supernovae. III-Carbon deflagration supernovae. The Astrophysical Journal, 286, 644-658
Ohkubo, T., Nomoto, K. I., Umeda, H., Yoshida, N., & Tsuruta, S. (2009). Evolution of very massive population III stars with mass accretion from pre-main sequence to collapse. The Astrophysical Journal, 706(2), 1184.
Oerter, R. (2006). The theory of almost everything: The standard model, the unsung triumph of modern physics. Penguin.
Omukai, K., & Yoshii, Y. (2003). The mass spectrum of metal-free Stars resulting from photodissociation feedback: A scenario for the formation of low-mass population III stars. The Astrophysical Journal, 599(2), 746.
Padmanabhan, T. (1993). Structure formation in the Universe. Cambridge University Press.
Patrignani, C. et al. (2016). Review of Particle Physics. Chinese Physics C, 40(10).
Petter, P. (2013). Basic knowledge of astrophysics’: A new way. Berlin: epubli GmbH.
Pian, E., D’Avanzo, P., Benetti, S., Branchesi, M., Brocato, E., Campana, S., ... & Getman, F. (2017). Spectroscopic identification of r-process nucleosynthesis in a double neutron-star merger. Nature, 551(7678), 67-70.
Pitrou, C., Coc, A., Uzan, J. P., & Vangioni, E. (2018). Precision big bang nucleosynthesis with improved Helium-4 predictions. Physics Reports, 754, 1-66.
Planck Collaboration. (2016). Planck 2015 results. XIX. Constraints on primordial magnetic fields. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 594.
Prialnik, D. (2001). Novae, In P. Murdin (ed.), Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics (pp. 1846-1856). Institute of Physics Publishing/Nature Publishing Group.
Rajaraman, R. F. (1975). Some non-perturbative semi-classical methods in quantum field theory (a pedagogical review). Physics Reports, 21(5), 227-313.
Sarkar, S. (1996). Big bang nucleosynthesis and physics beyond the standard model. Reports on Progress in Physics, 59(12), 1493.
Sather, E. (1996). The mystery of the matter asymmetry. Beam Line, 26, 31-37.
Seifried, D., Banerjee, R., & Schleicher, D. (2014). Supernova explosions in magnetized, primordial dark matter haloes. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 440(1), 24-39.
Simon, J. D., & Geha, M. (2007). The kinematics of the ultra-faint Milky Way satellites: Solving the missing satellite problem. The Astrophysical Journal, 670(1), 313.
Simon, J. D., Li, T. S., Drlica-Wagner, A., Bechtol, K., Marshall, J. L., James, D. J., ... & Walker, A. R. (2017). Nearest neighbor: the low-mass Milky Way satellite Tucana III. The Astrophysical Journal, 838(1), 11.
Simon, J. D. (2019). The faintest dwarf galaxies. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 57, 375-415.
Sobral, D., Matthee, J., Darvish, B., Schaerer, D., Mobasher, B., Röttgering, H. J., ... & Hemmati, S. (2015). Evidence for PopIII-like stellar populations in the most luminous Lyα emitters at the epoch of reionization: Spectroscopic confirmation. The Astrophysical Journal, 808(2), 139.
Spite, F., & Spite, M. (1982). Abundance of lithium in unevolved halo stars and old disk stars-Interpretation and consequences. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 115, 357-366.
Tanabashi, M. (Particle Data Group). (2018). Review of Particle Physics. Physical Review D, 98(3), 1-708. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001.
The SLD Electroweak, Heavy Flavor Groups, ALEPH Collaboration, DELPHI Collaboration, L3 Collaboration, OPAL Collaboration, SLD Collaboration, LEP Electroweak Working Group. (2006). Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance. Physics Reports, 427(5-6), 257-454.
Thiemann, T. (2008). Modern canonical quantum general relativity. Cambridge University Press.
Tsujikawa, S. (2003). Introductory review of cosmic inflation. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0304257.pdf
Venkatesan, A., & Truran, J. W. (2003). The ionizing efficiency of the first stars. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 594(1), L1.
Venkatesan, A., Tumlinson, J., & Shull, J. M. (2003). Evolving spectra of Population III stars: Consequences for cosmological reionization. The Astrophysical Journal, 584(2), 621.
Xu, Y. A., Takahashi, K., Goriely, S., Arnould, M., Ohta, M., & Utsunomiya, H. (2013). NACRE II: An update of the NACRE compilation of charged-particle-induced thermonuclear reaction rates for nuclei with mass number A<16. Nuclear Physics A, 918, 61-169.
Yoon, S. C., & Langer, N. (2004). Presupernova evolution of accreting white dwarfs with rotation. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 419(2), 623-644
Yoshida, N. (2006). From the first stars to the first galaxies. New Astronomy Reviews, 50(1-3), 19-23.
Abel, T., Bryan, G. L., & Norman, M. L. (2002). The formation of the first star in the universe. Science, 295(5552), 93-98.
Arcavi, I., Hosseinzadeh, G., Howell, D. A., McCully, C., Poznanski, D., Kasen, D., ... & Valenti, S. (2017). Optical emission from a kilonova following a gravitational-wave-detected neutron-star merger. Nature, 551(7678), 64-66.
Bertulani, C. A., & Kajino T. (2016). Frontiers in Nuclear Astrophysics. Progress in Particle and Nuclear Physics, 89, 56.
Bliss, J., Witt, M., Arcones, A., Montes, F., & Pereira, J. (2018). Survey of astrophysical conditions in neutrino-driven supernova ejecta nucleosynthesis. The Astrophysical Journal, 855(2), 135.
Bovino, S., Grassi, T., Schleicher, D. R. G., & Latif, M. A. (2014). Formation of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars in the presence of far-ultraviolet radiation. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 790(2), L35.
Branch, D., Doggett, J. B., Nomoto, K., & Thielemann, F. K. (1985). Accreting white dwarf models for the type I supernovae. IV The optical spectrum of a carbon-deflagration supernova. The Astrophysical Journal, 294, 619-625
Bromm, V., Coppi, P. S., & Larson, R. B. (2002). The formation of the first stars. I. The primordial star-forming cloud. The Astrophysical Journal, 564(1), 23.
Bromm, V., Ferrara, A., Coppi, P. S., & Larson, R. B. (2001). The fragmentation of pre-enriched primordial objects. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 328(3), 969-976
Clarke, C., & Carswell, B. (2007). Astrophysical fluid dynamics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Cervantes-Cota, J. L., Galindo-Uribarri, S., & Smoot, G. F. (2016). A brief history of gravitational waves. Universe, 2(3), 22.
Fields, B. D. (2011). The primordial lithium problem. Annual Review of Nuclear and Particle Science, 61, 47-68.
Fields, B. D., Olive, K. A., Yeh, T. H., & Young, C. (2020). Big-bang nucleosynthesis after Planck. Journal of Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics, 03, 010.
Fryer, C. L., Woosley, S. E., & Heger, A. (2001). Pair-instability supernovae, gravity waves, and gamma-ray transients. The Astrophysical Journal, 550(1), 372
Gilmore, G. (2004). The short spectacular life of a superstar. Science, 304(5679), 1915-1916.
Gnedin, N. Y. (2004). Reionization, SLOAN, and WMAP: Is the Picture Consistent? The Astrophysical Journal, 610(1), 9.
Gribbin, J. (2016). 13.8 The Quest to find the true age of the universe and the theory of everything. Yale University Press.
Haiman, Z., Abel, T., & Rees, M. J. (2000). The radiative feedback of the first cosmological objects. The Astrophysical Journal, 534(1), 11
Heger, A., Fryer, C. L., Woosley, S. E., Langer, N., & Hartmann, D. H. (2003). How massive single stars end their life. The Astrophysical Journal, 591(1), 288
Hogan, C. J. (2000). Why the Universe is just so. Reviews of Modern Physics, 72(4), 1149.
Iocco, F., Mangano, G., Miele, G., Pisanti, O., & Serpico, P. D. (2009). Primordial nucleosynthesis: From precision cosmology to fundamental physics. Physics Reports, 472(1-6), 1-76
Ji, A. P., Frebel, A., Chiti, A., & Simon, J. D. (2016). R-process enrichment from a single event in an ancient dwarf galaxy. Nature, 531(7596), 610-613.
Johnson, J. A., Fields, B. D., & Thompson, T. A. (2020). The origin of the elements: A century of progress. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A, 378(2180), 20190301.
Karki, R. (2010). The foreground of big bang nucleosynthesis. The Himalayan Physics, 1(1), 79-82. https://doi.org/10.3126/hj.v1i0.5186
Kasai, M. (1993). Inhomogeneous cosmological models which are homogeneous and isotropic on average. Physical Review D, 47(8), 3214.
Keller, S. C., Bessell, M. S., Frebel, A., Casey, A. R., Asplund, M., Jacobson, H. R., ... & Magic, Z. (2014). A single low-energy, iron-poor supernova as the source of metals in the star SMSS J031300.36-670839.3. Nature, 506(7489), 463-466.
Klapp, J., Bahena, D. y Galindo, S. (2007). Evolución estelar y nucleosíntesis, en Notas de la V Escuela Mexicana de Física Nuclear DFN-SMF.
Kuchner, M. J., Kirshner, R. P., Pinto, P. A., & Leibundgut, B. (1994). Evidence for Ni-56 yields Co-56 yields Fe-56 decay in type IA supernovae. The Astrophysical Journal, 426, 89-92
Longair, M. (2008). Galaxy formation. Springer.
Mackey, J., Bromm, V., & Hernquist, L. (2003). Three epochs of star formation in the high-redshift universe. The Astrophysical Journal, 586(1), 1.
Mazzali, P. A., Röpke, F. K., Benetti, S., & Hillebrandt, W. (2007). A common explosion mechanism for type la supernovae. Science, 315(5813), 825-828
Nomoto, K., Thielemann, F. K., & Yokoi, K. (1984). Accreting white dwarf models of Type I supernovae. III-Carbon deflagration supernovae. The Astrophysical Journal, 286, 644-658
Ohkubo, T., Nomoto, K. I., Umeda, H., Yoshida, N., & Tsuruta, S. (2009). Evolution of very massive population III stars with mass accretion from pre-main sequence to collapse. The Astrophysical Journal, 706(2), 1184.
Oerter, R. (2006). The theory of almost everything: The standard model, the unsung triumph of modern physics. Penguin.
Omukai, K., & Yoshii, Y. (2003). The mass spectrum of metal-free Stars resulting from photodissociation feedback: A scenario for the formation of low-mass population III stars. The Astrophysical Journal, 599(2), 746.
Padmanabhan, T. (1993). Structure formation in the Universe. Cambridge University Press.
Patrignani, C. et al. (2016). Review of Particle Physics. Chinese Physics C, 40(10).
Petter, P. (2013). Basic knowledge of astrophysics’: A new way. Berlin: epubli GmbH.
Pian, E., D’Avanzo, P., Benetti, S., Branchesi, M., Brocato, E., Campana, S., ... & Getman, F. (2017). Spectroscopic identification of r-process nucleosynthesis in a double neutron-star merger. Nature, 551(7678), 67-70.
Pitrou, C., Coc, A., Uzan, J. P., & Vangioni, E. (2018). Precision big bang nucleosynthesis with improved Helium-4 predictions. Physics Reports, 754, 1-66.
Planck Collaboration. (2016). Planck 2015 results. XIX. Constraints on primordial magnetic fields. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 594.
Prialnik, D. (2001). Novae, In P. Murdin (ed.), Encyclopedia of Astronomy and Astrophysics (pp. 1846-1856). Institute of Physics Publishing/Nature Publishing Group.
Rajaraman, R. F. (1975). Some non-perturbative semi-classical methods in quantum field theory (a pedagogical review). Physics Reports, 21(5), 227-313.
Sarkar, S. (1996). Big bang nucleosynthesis and physics beyond the standard model. Reports on Progress in Physics, 59(12), 1493.
Sather, E. (1996). The mystery of the matter asymmetry. Beam Line, 26, 31-37.
Seifried, D., Banerjee, R., & Schleicher, D. (2014). Supernova explosions in magnetized, primordial dark matter haloes. Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, 440(1), 24-39.
Simon, J. D., & Geha, M. (2007). The kinematics of the ultra-faint Milky Way satellites: Solving the missing satellite problem. The Astrophysical Journal, 670(1), 313.
Simon, J. D., Li, T. S., Drlica-Wagner, A., Bechtol, K., Marshall, J. L., James, D. J., ... & Walker, A. R. (2017). Nearest neighbor: the low-mass Milky Way satellite Tucana III. The Astrophysical Journal, 838(1), 11.
Simon, J. D. (2019). The faintest dwarf galaxies. Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 57, 375-415.
Sobral, D., Matthee, J., Darvish, B., Schaerer, D., Mobasher, B., Röttgering, H. J., ... & Hemmati, S. (2015). Evidence for PopIII-like stellar populations in the most luminous Lyα emitters at the epoch of reionization: Spectroscopic confirmation. The Astrophysical Journal, 808(2), 139.
Spite, F., & Spite, M. (1982). Abundance of lithium in unevolved halo stars and old disk stars-Interpretation and consequences. Astronomy and Astrophysics, 115, 357-366.
Tanabashi, M. (Particle Data Group). (2018). Review of Particle Physics. Physical Review D, 98(3), 1-708. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.98.030001.
The SLD Electroweak, Heavy Flavor Groups, ALEPH Collaboration, DELPHI Collaboration, L3 Collaboration, OPAL Collaboration, SLD Collaboration, LEP Electroweak Working Group. (2006). Precision electroweak measurements on the Z resonance. Physics Reports, 427(5-6), 257-454.
Thiemann, T. (2008). Modern canonical quantum general relativity. Cambridge University Press.
Tsujikawa, S. (2003). Introductory review of cosmic inflation. Retrieved from https://arxiv.org/pdf/hep-ph/0304257.pdf
Venkatesan, A., & Truran, J. W. (2003). The ionizing efficiency of the first stars. The Astrophysical Journal Letters, 594(1), L1.
Venkatesan, A., Tumlinson, J., & Shull, J. M. (2003). Evolving spectra of Population III stars: Consequences for cosmological reionization. The Astrophysical Journal, 584(2), 621.
Xu, Y. A., Takahashi, K., Goriely, S., Arnould, M., Ohta, M., & Utsunomiya, H. (2013). NACRE II: An update of the NACRE compilation of charged-particle-induced thermonuclear reaction rates for nuclei with mass number A<16. Nuclear Physics A, 918, 61-169.
Yoon, S. C., & Langer, N. (2004). Presupernova evolution of accreting white dwarfs with rotation. Astronomy & Astrophysics, 419(2), 623-644
Yoshida, N. (2006). From the first stars to the first galaxies. New Astronomy Reviews, 50(1-3), 19-23.