Demanda de aguacate mexicano en EUA. Relación de equilibrio de corto y largo plazo, y contagio de volatilidad de mercados Demand for Mexican avocados in the USA: Short- and long-run equilibrium relationships and market volatility spillover
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ene 27, 2026
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https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v33n0a57
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Renato Francisco González Sánchez
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0737-2838
Víctor Hugo Torres Preciado
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0501-0913
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0737-2838
Víctor Hugo Torres Preciado
http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0501-0913
Resumen
Se analizan los determinantes de la demanda de aguacate Hass mexicano en los EUA, así como el contagio de volatilidad de mercados locales en México y de exportación de aguacate con la inseguridad. Se emplean modelos de series de tiempo como el ARDL y el MGARCH – BEKK. La demanda del aguacate mexicano aumenta con la reducción del tipo de cambio, y con el aumento del ingreso per cápita real del consumidor de EUA. El aguacate de R. Dominicana es un producto complementario con el mexicano en ese mercado. El contagio de volatilidad de mercados se observa principalmente en la volatilidad persistente entre los mercados de aguacate mexicano y la variable de inseguridad en México.
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GONZÁLEZ SÁNCHEZ, Renato Francisco; TORRES PRECIADO, Víctor Hugo.
Demanda de aguacate mexicano en EUA. Relación de equilibrio de corto y largo plazo, y contagio de volatilidad de mercados.
CIENCIA ergo-sum, [S.l.], v. 33, ene. 2026.
ISSN 2395-8782.
Disponible en: <https://cienciaergosum.uaemex.mx/article/view/25358>. Fecha de acceso: 11 jun. 2026
doi: https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v33n0a57.
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Ciencias sociales
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
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Boffelli, S. y Urga, G. (2016). Financial Econometrics Using Stata. Stata Press. USA. 765 pp.
Carman, H. y Sexton, R. (2011). Effective Marketing of Hass Avocados: The Impacts of Changing Trade Policy and Promotion/Information Programs. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. 14(4), 37- 50.
Cavaletto, G. (2015). The avocado market in the United States. VIII Congreso Mundial de la Palta. 463 – 466. (10 diciembre 2024) https://www.avocadosource.com/WAC8/Section_07/CavalettoGiovanni2015.pdf
Chapa-Cantú, J., Ayala-Gaytán, E., y Medellín-Mendoza. S. (2023). The economic costs of insecurity on businesses in Mexico: A general equilibrium perspective. EconoQuantum, 20(1): 83-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18381/eq.v20i1.7300
Cho, K., Goldstein, B., Gounaridis, D., y Newell, J. P. (2021). Where does your guacamole come from? Detecting deforestation associated with the export of avocados from Mexico to the United States. Journal of Environmental Management 278, 111482
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Denvir, A. Arima, E. González-Rodríguez, A. y Young, K. R. (2022). Ecological and human dimensions of avocado expansion in Me ́xico: Towards supply-chain sustainability. Ambio, 51:152–166 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01538-6
Dogan, E., y Seker, F. (2016). The influence of real output, renewable and non-renewable energy, trade and financial development on carbon emissions in the top renewable energy countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60:1074–1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.006
Dube, A. K., Ozkan, B. y Govindasamy, R. (2018). Analyzing the export performance of the horticultural sub-sector in Ethiopia: ARDL bound test cointegration analysis. Horticulturae, 4(34): 1 - 18. doi:10.3390/horticulturae4040034
Enders, W. (2015). Applied econometrics time series. Fourth edition. Wiley. United States of America. 497 p.
Engle R. F. y Kroner K. F. (1995) Multivariate simultaneous generalized ARCH. Econometric Theory 11(1):122–150
Erickson, M., & Owen, L. (2024). Blood Avocados? Trade Liberalization and Cartel Violence in Mexico. Comparative Political Studies, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140241290198
Ertugrul, H. M., y Seven, U. (2021). Dynamic spillover analysis of international and Turkish food prices. International Journal of Financial Economics, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2517
Estancona, C., y Tiscornia, L. (2022). From Cocaine to Avocados: Criminal Market Expansion and Violence. https://clestancona.wixsite.com/chelseaestancona/research
Evans, E., y Nalampang, S. (2009). Forecasting Price Trends in the U.S. Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Market. Journal of Food Distribution Research, 40(2): 37-46.
González-Cobián, M.F., Vázquez-Rueda, L., Ledesma-Hernández, S. y Torres-Chávez, M. (2022). Caracterización de la cadena productiva de aguacate en micro region de Xalisco, Nayarit. Revista de Alimentación contemporánea y Desarrollo Regional 32(59). 1-25. https://doi.org/10.24836/es.v32i59.1211
González R.F. y Tinoco, M.A. (2025). Factores que influyen en la demanda y contagio de volatilidad del limón de origen mexicano importado por el mercado de los EUA. Avances en Investigación Agropecuaria. 29: 3-23. http://doi.org/10.53897/RevAIA.25.29.01
González R. F. y Torres, V. H. (2021). Contagio de volatilidad de precios internacionales de petróleo, urea y maíz. Avances en investigación agropecuaria. 27: 84 -104. http://doi.org/10.53897/RevAIA.23.27.08
Grandmaison, R. y Frissard-Martinez, P. (2023). Violent and vibrant. Mexico’s avocado boom and organized crime. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. The GREENS/EFA in the European Parliament. https://www.greens-efa.eu/files/assets/docs/violent_and_vibrant_mexico___s_avocado_boom_and_organized_crime.pdf
Hansen, B. E., y Phillips, P. C. (1990). Estimation and inference in models of cointegration: A simulation study. Adv. Econ. 1990, 8, 225–248.
Hatab, A. y Nsabimana, A. (2016). A dynamic analysis of Egyptian orange exports to Russia: A co-integration analysis. Agricultural Economics Review, 17(2): 38 - 54. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu
Herrera, J. S. y Martinez-Alvarez, C. (2022). Diversifying violence: Mining, export-agriculture, and criminal governance in Mexico. World Development, 151, 105769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105769
Kripfganz, S. y Schneider, D. C. (2022). ARDL: Estimating autoregressive distributed lag and equilibrium correction models. Tohoku University Research Center for Policy Design. Discussion Paper TUPD-2022-006. https://www2.econ.tohoku.ac.jp/~PDesign/dp.html
Lira-Noriega, A., Soberón, J., y Equihua, J. (2018). Potential invasion of exotic ambrosia beetles Xyleborus glabratus and Euwallacea sp. in Mexico: A major threat for native and cultivated forest ecosystems. Scientific Reports 8, 10179. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28517-4
Lopez, J., y Mnatsakanyan, H. (2021). A Case Study of Avocado, Berry, and Apple Trade through NAFTA. The Texas Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 34:55-74.
Ma, K. y Diao, G. (2017). Study on spillover effect between international soybean market and China’s domestic soybean market. Ensayos sobre Política Económica 35: 260–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.espe.2017.11.003
Madslien, S. (2020) Are Avocados the Blood Diamonds of Mexico? An empirical study on how increasing demand for Mexican avocados is related to cartel violence. Master thesis, Norwegian School of Economics. https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2737211
Mora J. J., Zamudio, A., y Fuentes H. J. (2014). Volatilidad e interdependencia en los precios agrícolas a partir de un modelo GARCH multivariado. Análisis Económico. Núm. 72, vol. XXIX: 35 - 56
Nazlioglu, S. y Erdem, E. (2011). Exchange rates and Turkish fresh fruits and vegetables trade with the EU countries: bilateral trade data analysis. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 23: 93–109. DOI: 10.1080/08974438.2011.534043
Nicholson, W. (1998). Microeconomic theory. Basic principles and extensions. 17th ed. Florida: The Dryden Press. USA. 890 pp
Nzaku, K., Houston, J., y Fonsah, E. (2012). A Dynamic Application of the AIDS Model to Import Demand for Tropical Fresh Fruits in the USA. 2012 Conference, August 18-24, 2012, Foz do Iguacu, Brazil 126721, International Association of Agricultural Economists. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.126721.
Obi, A., Ndou, P y Peter, B. (2013). Assessing the impact of exchange rate volatility on the competitiveness of South Africa’s agricultural exports. Journal of Agricultural Science; Vol. 5, No. 10, 227 – 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v5n10p227
Ogunjobi, J. O., Oladipo, O. A., Eseyin, O., Opaola, O., y Aransiola, I. J. (2022). Exchange rate and agricultural exports: evidence from Nigeria (1981-2019). International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), Volume IX, Issue IV: 89 – 101.
Ornelas, R. G. (2018). Organized Crime in Michoacán: Rent-Seeking Activities in the Avocado Export Market. Politics & Policy, 46 (5): 759-789. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12270
Ozdemir, F. D., Kaymak, H. C. y Aksoy, A. (2022). Prediction of conditional variance volatility of real prices of almond, hazelnut, and pistachio by the diagonal BEKK-GARCH (1.1) equation model. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture & Rural Development, 22(4): 517-526.
Pachiyappan, D., Ansari, Y., Alam, M. S., Thoudam, P., Alagirisamy, K, and Manigandan, P. (2021). Short and long-run causal effects of CO2 emissions, energy use, GDP and population growth: Evidence from India using the ARDL and VECM approaches. Energies, 14, 8333. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248333
Panagiotou (2015). Volatility spillover effects in the extra virgin olive oil markets of the Mediterranean. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics. 3(3): 63-73
Paul, R. K., Saxena, R., Chaurasia, S., Zeeshanan y Rana, S. (2015). Examining export volatility, structural breaks in price volatility and linkages between domestic and export prices of onion in India”. Agricultural Economics Research Review. 28 (Conference Number): 101-116. DOI: 10.5958/0974-0279.2015.00026.9
Perloff, J. M. (2014). Microeconomics with calculus. Third edition. Pearson Ed. Boston. EUA. 870 p.
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., y Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16: 289-326.
Rezetis, A. N. y Pachis, D. N. (2020). Investigating the price volatility transmission mechanisms of selected fresh vegetable chains in Greece. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies. 10(5): 587-611. DOI 10.1108/JADEE-12-2019-0209
Rosetti, N., Seido, M., y Faria, J. L. (2017) A behavioral analysis of the volatility of interbank interest rates in developed and emerging countries. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science. 22(42): 99-128. DOI 10.1108/JEFAS-02-2017-0033
Sáens-Ceja, J. y Pérez-Salicrup, D. (2021). Avocado Cover Expansion in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, Central Mexico. Conservation, 1, 299–310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ conservation1040023
Sarihan, A. Y. (2024). A study on the effect of imported wheat prices on Türkiye’s pasta exports: ARDL approach. Ekonomika. 103(2): 45–65. https://doi.org/10.15388/Ekon.2024.104.2.3
Sidhoum, A. y Serra, T. (2016) Volatility spillovers in the Spanish food marketing chain: The case of tomato. Agribusiness, 32 (1): 45–63 DOI: 10.1002/agr.21418
Sommaruga, R. y Eldridge, H. M. (2020). Avocado Production: Water Footprint and Socio-economic Implications. EuroChoices 20(2). 48-53. DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12289
Stock, J. H., y Watson, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 61:783–820.
Vargas-Canales, J. M., Carbajal-Flores, G., Bustamante-Lara, T. I., Camacho-Vera, J. H., Fresnedo-Ramírez, J., Palacios-Rangel, M. I., & Rodríguez-Haros, B. (2020). Impact of the Market on the Specialization and Competitiveness of Avocado Production in Mexico. International Journal of Fruit Science, 20(sup3), S1942–S1958. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2020.1837711
William G. W. y Hanselka, D. (2022). 2022 update: The U.S. economic benefits of Hass avocado imports from Mexico. Report to the Mexican Hass Avocado Import Association (MHAIA) and Asociación de Productores y Empacadores Exportadores de Aguacate de México (APEAM, A.C.). AFCERC and Texas A&M University. https://avocadoinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Report-US-Economic-Benefits-of-Avocado-Imports-from-Mexico-2022-Update.pdf
Wu, D., Xu, Z., y Li, J. (2023). Search Data and Geodemographics Determinants of the Avocado Sales in the US Markets. Journal of Business and Management, 29(1): 23-56
Arciniegas, C. (2024). The guacamole curse: Avocados, crime, and violence in Mexico. Working Papers SES. N. 537. https://folia.unifr.ch/global/documents/330612
Boffelli, S. y Urga, G. (2016). Financial Econometrics Using Stata. Stata Press. USA. 765 pp.
Carman, H. y Sexton, R. (2011). Effective Marketing of Hass Avocados: The Impacts of Changing Trade Policy and Promotion/Information Programs. International Food and Agribusiness Management Review. 14(4), 37- 50.
Cavaletto, G. (2015). The avocado market in the United States. VIII Congreso Mundial de la Palta. 463 – 466. (10 diciembre 2024) https://www.avocadosource.com/WAC8/Section_07/CavalettoGiovanni2015.pdf
Chapa-Cantú, J., Ayala-Gaytán, E., y Medellín-Mendoza. S. (2023). The economic costs of insecurity on businesses in Mexico: A general equilibrium perspective. EconoQuantum, 20(1): 83-99. DOI: https://doi.org/10.18381/eq.v20i1.7300
Cho, K., Goldstein, B., Gounaridis, D., y Newell, J. P. (2021). Where does your guacamole come from? Detecting deforestation associated with the export of avocados from Mexico to the United States. Journal of Environmental Management 278, 111482
Cruz-López, D. E. (2021). Análisis de la competitividad y ventaja comparativa revelada del aguacate hass de México en el mercado mundial. Tesis. Universidad Autonoma Chapingo. https://repositorio.chapingo.edu.mx/server/api/core/bitstreams/8561e6ce-137b-4792-bf6b-973988c6c838/content
Data México (2023). Aguacates frescos o secos. Gobierno de Mexico. (Consultado 20 de noviembre de 2024). https://www.economia.gob.mx/datamexico/es/profile/product/avocados-fresh-or-dried
Denvir, A. Arima, E. González-Rodríguez, A. y Young, K. R. (2022). Ecological and human dimensions of avocado expansion in Me ́xico: Towards supply-chain sustainability. Ambio, 51:152–166 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-021-01538-6
Dogan, E., y Seker, F. (2016). The influence of real output, renewable and non-renewable energy, trade and financial development on carbon emissions in the top renewable energy countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 60:1074–1085. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.006
Dube, A. K., Ozkan, B. y Govindasamy, R. (2018). Analyzing the export performance of the horticultural sub-sector in Ethiopia: ARDL bound test cointegration analysis. Horticulturae, 4(34): 1 - 18. doi:10.3390/horticulturae4040034
Enders, W. (2015). Applied econometrics time series. Fourth edition. Wiley. United States of America. 497 p.
Engle R. F. y Kroner K. F. (1995) Multivariate simultaneous generalized ARCH. Econometric Theory 11(1):122–150
Erickson, M., & Owen, L. (2024). Blood Avocados? Trade Liberalization and Cartel Violence in Mexico. Comparative Political Studies, 0(0). https://doi.org/10.1177/00104140241290198
Ertugrul, H. M., y Seven, U. (2021). Dynamic spillover analysis of international and Turkish food prices. International Journal of Financial Economics, 1–11. https://doi.org/10.1002/ijfe.2517
Estancona, C., y Tiscornia, L. (2022). From Cocaine to Avocados: Criminal Market Expansion and Violence. https://clestancona.wixsite.com/chelseaestancona/research
Evans, E., y Nalampang, S. (2009). Forecasting Price Trends in the U.S. Avocado (Persea americana Mill.) Market. Journal of Food Distribution Research, 40(2): 37-46.
González-Cobián, M.F., Vázquez-Rueda, L., Ledesma-Hernández, S. y Torres-Chávez, M. (2022). Caracterización de la cadena productiva de aguacate en micro region de Xalisco, Nayarit. Revista de Alimentación contemporánea y Desarrollo Regional 32(59). 1-25. https://doi.org/10.24836/es.v32i59.1211
González R.F. y Tinoco, M.A. (2025). Factores que influyen en la demanda y contagio de volatilidad del limón de origen mexicano importado por el mercado de los EUA. Avances en Investigación Agropecuaria. 29: 3-23. http://doi.org/10.53897/RevAIA.25.29.01
González R. F. y Torres, V. H. (2021). Contagio de volatilidad de precios internacionales de petróleo, urea y maíz. Avances en investigación agropecuaria. 27: 84 -104. http://doi.org/10.53897/RevAIA.23.27.08
Grandmaison, R. y Frissard-Martinez, P. (2023). Violent and vibrant. Mexico’s avocado boom and organized crime. Global Initiative Against Transnational Organized Crime. The GREENS/EFA in the European Parliament. https://www.greens-efa.eu/files/assets/docs/violent_and_vibrant_mexico___s_avocado_boom_and_organized_crime.pdf
Hansen, B. E., y Phillips, P. C. (1990). Estimation and inference in models of cointegration: A simulation study. Adv. Econ. 1990, 8, 225–248.
Hatab, A. y Nsabimana, A. (2016). A dynamic analysis of Egyptian orange exports to Russia: A co-integration analysis. Agricultural Economics Review, 17(2): 38 - 54. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu
Herrera, J. S. y Martinez-Alvarez, C. (2022). Diversifying violence: Mining, export-agriculture, and criminal governance in Mexico. World Development, 151, 105769. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2021.105769
Kripfganz, S. y Schneider, D. C. (2022). ARDL: Estimating autoregressive distributed lag and equilibrium correction models. Tohoku University Research Center for Policy Design. Discussion Paper TUPD-2022-006. https://www2.econ.tohoku.ac.jp/~PDesign/dp.html
Lira-Noriega, A., Soberón, J., y Equihua, J. (2018). Potential invasion of exotic ambrosia beetles Xyleborus glabratus and Euwallacea sp. in Mexico: A major threat for native and cultivated forest ecosystems. Scientific Reports 8, 10179. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-28517-4
Lopez, J., y Mnatsakanyan, H. (2021). A Case Study of Avocado, Berry, and Apple Trade through NAFTA. The Texas Journal of Agriculture and Natural Resources 34:55-74.
Ma, K. y Diao, G. (2017). Study on spillover effect between international soybean market and China’s domestic soybean market. Ensayos sobre Política Económica 35: 260–266. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.espe.2017.11.003
Madslien, S. (2020) Are Avocados the Blood Diamonds of Mexico? An empirical study on how increasing demand for Mexican avocados is related to cartel violence. Master thesis, Norwegian School of Economics. https://hdl.handle.net/11250/2737211
Mora J. J., Zamudio, A., y Fuentes H. J. (2014). Volatilidad e interdependencia en los precios agrícolas a partir de un modelo GARCH multivariado. Análisis Económico. Núm. 72, vol. XXIX: 35 - 56
Nazlioglu, S. y Erdem, E. (2011). Exchange rates and Turkish fresh fruits and vegetables trade with the EU countries: bilateral trade data analysis. Journal of International Food & Agribusiness Marketing, 23: 93–109. DOI: 10.1080/08974438.2011.534043
Nicholson, W. (1998). Microeconomic theory. Basic principles and extensions. 17th ed. Florida: The Dryden Press. USA. 890 pp
Nzaku, K., Houston, J., y Fonsah, E. (2012). A Dynamic Application of the AIDS Model to Import Demand for Tropical Fresh Fruits in the USA. 2012 Conference, August 18-24, 2012, Foz do Iguacu, Brazil 126721, International Association of Agricultural Economists. DOI: 10.22004/ag.econ.126721.
Obi, A., Ndou, P y Peter, B. (2013). Assessing the impact of exchange rate volatility on the competitiveness of South Africa’s agricultural exports. Journal of Agricultural Science; Vol. 5, No. 10, 227 – 250. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v5n10p227
Ogunjobi, J. O., Oladipo, O. A., Eseyin, O., Opaola, O., y Aransiola, I. J. (2022). Exchange rate and agricultural exports: evidence from Nigeria (1981-2019). International Journal of Research and Scientific Innovation (IJRSI), Volume IX, Issue IV: 89 – 101.
Ornelas, R. G. (2018). Organized Crime in Michoacán: Rent-Seeking Activities in the Avocado Export Market. Politics & Policy, 46 (5): 759-789. https://doi.org/10.1111/polp.12270
Ozdemir, F. D., Kaymak, H. C. y Aksoy, A. (2022). Prediction of conditional variance volatility of real prices of almond, hazelnut, and pistachio by the diagonal BEKK-GARCH (1.1) equation model. Scientific Papers Series Management, Economic Engineering in Agriculture & Rural Development, 22(4): 517-526.
Pachiyappan, D., Ansari, Y., Alam, M. S., Thoudam, P., Alagirisamy, K, and Manigandan, P. (2021). Short and long-run causal effects of CO2 emissions, energy use, GDP and population growth: Evidence from India using the ARDL and VECM approaches. Energies, 14, 8333. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14248333
Panagiotou (2015). Volatility spillover effects in the extra virgin olive oil markets of the Mediterranean. International Journal of Food and Agricultural Economics. 3(3): 63-73
Paul, R. K., Saxena, R., Chaurasia, S., Zeeshanan y Rana, S. (2015). Examining export volatility, structural breaks in price volatility and linkages between domestic and export prices of onion in India”. Agricultural Economics Research Review. 28 (Conference Number): 101-116. DOI: 10.5958/0974-0279.2015.00026.9
Perloff, J. M. (2014). Microeconomics with calculus. Third edition. Pearson Ed. Boston. EUA. 870 p.
Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y., y Smith, R. J. (2001). Bounds testing approaches to the analysis of level relationships. Journal of applied econometrics, 16: 289-326.
Rezetis, A. N. y Pachis, D. N. (2020). Investigating the price volatility transmission mechanisms of selected fresh vegetable chains in Greece. Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies. 10(5): 587-611. DOI 10.1108/JADEE-12-2019-0209
Rosetti, N., Seido, M., y Faria, J. L. (2017) A behavioral analysis of the volatility of interbank interest rates in developed and emerging countries. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science. 22(42): 99-128. DOI 10.1108/JEFAS-02-2017-0033
Sáens-Ceja, J. y Pérez-Salicrup, D. (2021). Avocado Cover Expansion in the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve, Central Mexico. Conservation, 1, 299–310. https://doi.org/10.3390/ conservation1040023
Sarihan, A. Y. (2024). A study on the effect of imported wheat prices on Türkiye’s pasta exports: ARDL approach. Ekonomika. 103(2): 45–65. https://doi.org/10.15388/Ekon.2024.104.2.3
Sidhoum, A. y Serra, T. (2016) Volatility spillovers in the Spanish food marketing chain: The case of tomato. Agribusiness, 32 (1): 45–63 DOI: 10.1002/agr.21418
Sommaruga, R. y Eldridge, H. M. (2020). Avocado Production: Water Footprint and Socio-economic Implications. EuroChoices 20(2). 48-53. DOI: 10.1111/1746-692X.12289
Stock, J. H., y Watson, M. W. (1993). A simple estimator of cointegrating vectors in higher order integrated systems. Econometrica, 61:783–820.
Vargas-Canales, J. M., Carbajal-Flores, G., Bustamante-Lara, T. I., Camacho-Vera, J. H., Fresnedo-Ramírez, J., Palacios-Rangel, M. I., & Rodríguez-Haros, B. (2020). Impact of the Market on the Specialization and Competitiveness of Avocado Production in Mexico. International Journal of Fruit Science, 20(sup3), S1942–S1958. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2020.1837711
William G. W. y Hanselka, D. (2022). 2022 update: The U.S. economic benefits of Hass avocado imports from Mexico. Report to the Mexican Hass Avocado Import Association (MHAIA) and Asociación de Productores y Empacadores Exportadores de Aguacate de México (APEAM, A.C.). AFCERC and Texas A&M University. https://avocadoinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/09/Report-US-Economic-Benefits-of-Avocado-Imports-from-Mexico-2022-Update.pdf
Wu, D., Xu, Z., y Li, J. (2023). Search Data and Geodemographics Determinants of the Avocado Sales in the US Markets. Journal of Business and Management, 29(1): 23-56