Las dos caras del veganismo: beneficios y riesgos en la salud de una dieta vegana
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jul 15, 2022
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https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v30n1a6
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José Alfredo González-Ortiz
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0409-226X
http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0409-226X
Resumen
El objetivo de este artículo fue determinar los beneficios y riesgos de una dieta vegana, así como, identificar vacíos en el conocimiento en torno al impacto de una dieta vegana en la salud. Se realizó una revisión de la literatura publicada en PubMed y Google Académico. Múltiples estudios evidencian efectos benéficos de la dieta vegana como menor riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, obesidad, diabetes mellitus tipo 2, etc. En contraste, se ha asociado a la dieta vegana con incremento en el riesgo de fracturas, trastornos ortoréxicos, anemia megaloblástica, etc. No se puede afirmar que la dieta vegana tiene más riesgos que beneficios o viceversa, más bien, se debe evaluar el riesgo-beneficio en cada persona. Se identificaron múltiples vacíos en el conocimiento.
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GONZÁLEZ-ORTIZ, José Alfredo.
Las dos caras del veganismo: beneficios y riesgos en la salud de una dieta vegana.
CIENCIA ergo-sum, [S.l.], v. 30, n. 1, jul. 2022.
ISSN 2395-8782.
Disponible en: <https://cienciaergosum.uaemex.mx/article/view/16661>. Fecha de acceso: 12 oct. 2024
doi: https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v30n1a6.
Sección
Ciencias de la salud humana
Esta obra está bajo licencia internacional Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial-SinObrasDerivadas 4.0.
Citas
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Allès, B., Baudry, J., Méjean, C., Touvier, M., Péneau, S., Hercberg, S., Kesse-Guyot, E. (2017). Comparison of Sociodemographic and Nutritional Characteristics between Self-Reported Vegetarians, Vegans, and Meat-Eaters from the NutriNet-Santé Study. Nutrients, 9(9), 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091023
Appleby, P.N., Key, T.J. (2016). The long-term health of vegetarians and vegans. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 75(3), 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665115004334
Bakaloudi, D.R., Halloran, A., Rippin, H.L., Oikonomidou, A.C., Dardavesis, T.I., Williams, J., Wickramasinghe, K., Breda, J., Chourdakis, M. (2020). Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 40(5), 3503-3521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035
Barthels, F., Meyer, F., Pietrowsky, R. (2018). Orthorexic and restrained eating behaviour in vegans, vegetarians, and individuals on a diet. Eating and weight disorders: EWD, 23(2), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0479-0
Bonet, R., Garrote, A. (2016). Ortorexia. Farmacia Profesional, 30(1), 23-25. Recuperado de: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-farmacia-profesional-3-articulo-ortorexia-X0213932416474614
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Chuck, C., Fernandes, S.A., Hyers, L.L. (2016). Awakening to the politics of food: Politicized diet as social identity. Appetite, 107, 425–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.106
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Costa, I., Gill, P.R., Morda, R., Ali, L. (2019). "More than a diet": A qualitative investigation of young vegan Women's relationship to food. Appetite, 143, 104418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104418
Dinu, M., Abbate, R., Gensini, G.F., Casini, A., Sofi, F. (2017). Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(17), 3640–3649. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447
Doval, H.C. (2019). Una alimentación saludable y una producción sustentable para la salud de nuestra población y de nuestro planeta. Revista Argentina de Cardiología, 87(3), 245-248. Recuperado de: http://www.old2.sac.org.ar/revista-argentina-de-cardiologia/?numero=56716
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Fox, N., Ward, K.J. (2008). You are what you eat? Vegetarianism, health and identity. Social Science & Medicine, 66(12), 2585–2595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.02.011
Gil-Castaldo, C. (2017). En México, 9% de la población es vegana y el 19% vegetariana. Igualdad Animal México. Recuperado de: https://igualdadanimal.mx/blog/en-mexico-9-de-la-poblacion-es-vegana-y-el-19-vegetariana/
González-Jaimes, N., Tejeda-Alcántara, A., Quintín-Fernández, E.. (2019). Indicadores antropométricos y estilos de vida relacionados con el índice aterogénico en población adulta. CIENCIA Ergo-Sum, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v27n1a6
González-Martínez, K.I., Farell-Rivas, J., Bautista-Piña, V. (2016) Anemia megaloblástica por deficiencia de vitamina B12. Medicina Interna de México, 32(3), 359-363. Recuperado de: https://medicinainterna.org.mx/article/anemia-megaloblastica-por-deficiencia-de-vitamina-b12/
Hoffman, S.R., Stallings, S.F., Bessinger, R.C., Brooks, G.T. (2013). Differences between health and ethical vegetarians. Strength of conviction, nutrition knowledge, dietary restriction, and duration of adherence. Appetite, 65, 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.02.009
Iguacel, I., Huybrechts, I., Moreno, L.A., Michels, N. (2021). Vegetarianism and veganism compared with mental health and cognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 79(4), 361–381. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa030
Iguacel, I., Miguel-Berges, M.L., Gómez-Bruton, A., Moreno, L.A., Julián, C. (2019). Veganism, vegetarianism, bone mineral density, and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition reviews, 77(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy045
Kahleova, H., Hlozkova, A., Fleeman, R., Fletcher, K., Holubkov, R., Barnard, N.D. (2019). Fat Quantity and Quality, as Part of a Low-Fat, Vegan Diet, Are Associated with Changes in Body Composition, Insulin Resistance, and Insulin Secretion. A 16-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11(3), 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030615
Le L.T., Sabaté, J. (2014). Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the Adventist cohorts. Nutrients, 6(6), 2131–2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062131
Lopez, P.D., Cativo, E.H., Atlas, S.A., Rosendorff, C. (2019). The Effect of Vegan Diets on Blood Pressure in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. The American Journal of Medicine, 132(7), 875–883.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.01.044
Mathieu, S., Dorard, G. (2016). Végétarisme, végétalisme, véganisme: aspects motivationnels et psychologiques associés à l’alimentation sélective. La Presse Médicale, 45(9), 726-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2016.06.031
Marsh, K., Zeuschner, C., Saunders, A. (2011) Health Implications of a Vegetarian Diet: A Review. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 6(3), 350-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827611425762
Melina, V., Craig, W., Levin, S. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(12), 1970–1980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025
Menzel, J., Biemann, R., Longree, A., Isermann, B., Mai, K., Schulze, M.B., Abraham, K., Weikert, C. (2020). Associations of a vegan diet with inflammatory biomarkers. Scientific Reports, 10, 1933. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58875-x
Norman, K., Klaus, S. (2020). Veganism, aging and longevity: new insight into old concepts. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 23(2), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000625
Páez-Barón, E., Corredor-Camargo, E., Fonseca-Carreño, J. (2018). La Huella hídrica y la huella de carbono: herramientas para estimar el impacto de la ganadería bovina. Pensamiento Y Acción, (24), 81-92. Recuperado de https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/pensamiento_accion/article/view/8617
Panizza, S. (2020). If Veganism Is Not a Choice: The Moral Psychology of Possibilities in Animal Ethics. Animals, 10(1), 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010145
Parejo-Guzmán, M.J. (2018). Diversidad alimenticia según las prescripciones religiosas. ’Ilu. Revista De Ciencias De Las Religiones, 23, 191-216. https://doi.org/10.5209/ILUR.61027
Paslakis, G., Richardson, C., Nöhre, M., Brähler, E., Holzapfel, C., Hilbert, A., de Zwaan, M. (2020). Prevalence and psychopathology of vegetarians and vegans – Results from a representative survey in Germany. Scientific Reports, 10, 6840 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63910-y
Pérez-Espejo, R. (2009). El lado oscuro de la ganadería. Problemas Del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana De Economía, 39(154). Recuperado de https://www.probdes.iiec.unam.mx/index.php/pde/article/view/7734
Pfeiler, T.M., Egloff, B. (2018). Examining the "Veggie" personality: Results from a representative German sample. Appetite, 120, 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.09.005
Pino, A.L., Cediel, G.G., Hirsch, S.B. (2009) Ingesta de alimentos de origen animal versus origen vegetal y riesgo cardiovascular. Rev Chil Nutr, 36(3), 210-216. Recuperado de: https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-75182009000300003
Protudjer, J.L.P., Mikkelsen, A. (2020). Veganism and paediatric food allergy: two increasingly prevalent dietary issues that are challenging when co-occurring. BMC pediatrics, 20(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02236-0
Radnitz, C., Beezhold, B., DiMatteo, J. (2015). Investigation of lifestyle choices of individuals following a vegan diet for health and ethical reasons. Appetite, 90, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.026
Rajaram, S., Sabaté, J. (2000). Health benefits of a vegetarian diet. Nutrition, 16(7–8), 531-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00305-1
Ramos-Jiménez, A., Hernández-Torres, R., Wall-Medrano, A., Juárez-Oropeza, M. (2019). Autorreporte de enfermedades y patrón alimentario de adultos ≥ 50 años sedentarios vs. físicamente activos. CIENCIA Ergo-Sum, 26(3). https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v26n3a6
Rashid, S., Meier, V., Patrick, H. (2021). Review of Vitamin B12 deficiency in pregnancy: a diagnosis not to miss as veganism and vegetarianism become more prevalent. European Journal of Haematology, 106(4), 450–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.13571
Rothgerber, H. (2014). Efforts to overcome vegetarian-induced dissonance among meat eaters. Appetite, 79, 32–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2014.04.003
Rogerson, D. (2017). Vegan diets: practical advice for athletes and exercisers. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14, 36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0192-9
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Alewaeters, K., Clarys, P., Hebbelinck, M., Deriemaeker, P., Clarys, J.P. (2005) Cross-sectional analysis of BMI and some lifestyle variables in Flemish vegetarians compared with non-vegetarians. Ergonomics, 48(11-14), 1433-1444. https://doi.org/10.1080/00140130500101031
Allès, B., Baudry, J., Méjean, C., Touvier, M., Péneau, S., Hercberg, S., Kesse-Guyot, E. (2017). Comparison of Sociodemographic and Nutritional Characteristics between Self-Reported Vegetarians, Vegans, and Meat-Eaters from the NutriNet-Santé Study. Nutrients, 9(9), 1023. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu9091023
Appleby, P.N., Key, T.J. (2016). The long-term health of vegetarians and vegans. Proceedings of the Nutrition Society, 75(3), 287-293. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0029665115004334
Bakaloudi, D.R., Halloran, A., Rippin, H.L., Oikonomidou, A.C., Dardavesis, T.I., Williams, J., Wickramasinghe, K., Breda, J., Chourdakis, M. (2020). Intake and adequacy of the vegan diet. A systematic review of the evidence. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland), 40(5), 3503-3521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2020.11.035
Barthels, F., Meyer, F., Pietrowsky, R. (2018). Orthorexic and restrained eating behaviour in vegans, vegetarians, and individuals on a diet. Eating and weight disorders: EWD, 23(2), 159–166. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40519-018-0479-0
Bonet, R., Garrote, A. (2016). Ortorexia. Farmacia Profesional, 30(1), 23-25. Recuperado de: https://www.elsevier.es/es-revista-farmacia-profesional-3-articulo-ortorexia-X0213932416474614
Cherry, E. (2015). I was a teenage vegan: Motivation and maintenance of lifestyle movements. Sociological Inquiry, 85(1), 55–74. https://doi.org/10.1111/soin.12061
Chuck, C., Fernandes, S.A., Hyers, L.L. (2016). Awakening to the politics of food: Politicized diet as social identity. Appetite, 107, 425–436. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2016.08.106
Cofnas, N. (2019). Is vegetarianism healthy for children?. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 59(13), 2052–2060. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2018.1437024
Costa, I., Gill, P.R., Morda, R., Ali, L. (2019). "More than a diet": A qualitative investigation of young vegan Women's relationship to food. Appetite, 143, 104418. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2019.104418
Dinu, M., Abbate, R., Gensini, G.F., Casini, A., Sofi, F. (2017). Vegetarian, vegan diets and multiple health outcomes: A systematic review with meta-analysis of observational studies. Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition, 57(17), 3640–3649. https://doi.org/10.1080/10408398.2016.1138447
Doval, H.C. (2019). Una alimentación saludable y una producción sustentable para la salud de nuestra población y de nuestro planeta. Revista Argentina de Cardiología, 87(3), 245-248. Recuperado de: http://www.old2.sac.org.ar/revista-argentina-de-cardiologia/?numero=56716
Draper, C.F., Vassallo, I., Di Cara, A., Milone, C., Comminetti, O., Monnard, I., Godin, J.P., Scherer, M., Su, M., Jia, W., Guiraud, S.P., Praplan, F., Guignard, L., Ammon-Zufferey, C., Shevlyakova, M., Emami, N., Moco, S., Beaumont, M., Kaput, J., Martin, F.P. (2018). A 48-Hour Vegan Diet Challenge in Healthy Women and Men Induces a BRANCH-Chain Amino Acid Related, Health Associated, Metabolic Signature. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 62(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201700703
Fox, N., Ward, K.J. (2008). You are what you eat? Vegetarianism, health and identity. Social Science & Medicine, 66(12), 2585–2595. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2008.02.011
Gil-Castaldo, C. (2017). En México, 9% de la población es vegana y el 19% vegetariana. Igualdad Animal México. Recuperado de: https://igualdadanimal.mx/blog/en-mexico-9-de-la-poblacion-es-vegana-y-el-19-vegetariana/
González-Jaimes, N., Tejeda-Alcántara, A., Quintín-Fernández, E.. (2019). Indicadores antropométricos y estilos de vida relacionados con el índice aterogénico en población adulta. CIENCIA Ergo-Sum, 27(1). https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v27n1a6
González-Martínez, K.I., Farell-Rivas, J., Bautista-Piña, V. (2016) Anemia megaloblástica por deficiencia de vitamina B12. Medicina Interna de México, 32(3), 359-363. Recuperado de: https://medicinainterna.org.mx/article/anemia-megaloblastica-por-deficiencia-de-vitamina-b12/
Hoffman, S.R., Stallings, S.F., Bessinger, R.C., Brooks, G.T. (2013). Differences between health and ethical vegetarians. Strength of conviction, nutrition knowledge, dietary restriction, and duration of adherence. Appetite, 65, 139–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2013.02.009
Iguacel, I., Huybrechts, I., Moreno, L.A., Michels, N. (2021). Vegetarianism and veganism compared with mental health and cognitive outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition Reviews, 79(4), 361–381. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuaa030
Iguacel, I., Miguel-Berges, M.L., Gómez-Bruton, A., Moreno, L.A., Julián, C. (2019). Veganism, vegetarianism, bone mineral density, and fracture risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nutrition reviews, 77(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/nutrit/nuy045
Kahleova, H., Hlozkova, A., Fleeman, R., Fletcher, K., Holubkov, R., Barnard, N.D. (2019). Fat Quantity and Quality, as Part of a Low-Fat, Vegan Diet, Are Associated with Changes in Body Composition, Insulin Resistance, and Insulin Secretion. A 16-Week Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11(3), 615. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11030615
Le L.T., Sabaté, J. (2014). Beyond meatless, the health effects of vegan diets: findings from the Adventist cohorts. Nutrients, 6(6), 2131–2147. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu6062131
Lopez, P.D., Cativo, E.H., Atlas, S.A., Rosendorff, C. (2019). The Effect of Vegan Diets on Blood Pressure in Adults: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials. The American Journal of Medicine, 132(7), 875–883.e7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2019.01.044
Mathieu, S., Dorard, G. (2016). Végétarisme, végétalisme, véganisme: aspects motivationnels et psychologiques associés à l’alimentation sélective. La Presse Médicale, 45(9), 726-733. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lpm.2016.06.031
Marsh, K., Zeuschner, C., Saunders, A. (2011) Health Implications of a Vegetarian Diet: A Review. American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine, 6(3), 350-267. https://doi.org/10.1177/1559827611425762
Melina, V., Craig, W., Levin, S. (2016). Position of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: Vegetarian Diets. Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, 116(12), 1970–1980. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jand.2016.09.025
Menzel, J., Biemann, R., Longree, A., Isermann, B., Mai, K., Schulze, M.B., Abraham, K., Weikert, C. (2020). Associations of a vegan diet with inflammatory biomarkers. Scientific Reports, 10, 1933. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-58875-x
Norman, K., Klaus, S. (2020). Veganism, aging and longevity: new insight into old concepts. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 23(2), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000625
Páez-Barón, E., Corredor-Camargo, E., Fonseca-Carreño, J. (2018). La Huella hídrica y la huella de carbono: herramientas para estimar el impacto de la ganadería bovina. Pensamiento Y Acción, (24), 81-92. Recuperado de https://revistas.uptc.edu.co/index.php/pensamiento_accion/article/view/8617
Panizza, S. (2020). If Veganism Is Not a Choice: The Moral Psychology of Possibilities in Animal Ethics. Animals, 10(1), 145. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10010145
Parejo-Guzmán, M.J. (2018). Diversidad alimenticia según las prescripciones religiosas. ’Ilu. Revista De Ciencias De Las Religiones, 23, 191-216. https://doi.org/10.5209/ILUR.61027
Paslakis, G., Richardson, C., Nöhre, M., Brähler, E., Holzapfel, C., Hilbert, A., de Zwaan, M. (2020). Prevalence and psychopathology of vegetarians and vegans – Results from a representative survey in Germany. Scientific Reports, 10, 6840 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-63910-y
Pérez-Espejo, R. (2009). El lado oscuro de la ganadería. Problemas Del Desarrollo. Revista Latinoamericana De Economía, 39(154). Recuperado de https://www.probdes.iiec.unam.mx/index.php/pde/article/view/7734
Pfeiler, T.M., Egloff, B. (2018). Examining the "Veggie" personality: Results from a representative German sample. Appetite, 120, 246–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2017.09.005
Pino, A.L., Cediel, G.G., Hirsch, S.B. (2009) Ingesta de alimentos de origen animal versus origen vegetal y riesgo cardiovascular. Rev Chil Nutr, 36(3), 210-216. Recuperado de: https://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-75182009000300003
Protudjer, J.L.P., Mikkelsen, A. (2020). Veganism and paediatric food allergy: two increasingly prevalent dietary issues that are challenging when co-occurring. BMC pediatrics, 20(1), 341. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12887-020-02236-0
Radnitz, C., Beezhold, B., DiMatteo, J. (2015). Investigation of lifestyle choices of individuals following a vegan diet for health and ethical reasons. Appetite, 90, 31–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.appet.2015.02.026
Rajaram, S., Sabaté, J. (2000). Health benefits of a vegetarian diet. Nutrition, 16(7–8), 531-533. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0899-9007(00)00305-1
Ramos-Jiménez, A., Hernández-Torres, R., Wall-Medrano, A., Juárez-Oropeza, M. (2019). Autorreporte de enfermedades y patrón alimentario de adultos ≥ 50 años sedentarios vs. físicamente activos. CIENCIA Ergo-Sum, 26(3). https://doi.org/10.30878/ces.v26n3a6
Rashid, S., Meier, V., Patrick, H. (2021). Review of Vitamin B12 deficiency in pregnancy: a diagnosis not to miss as veganism and vegetarianism become more prevalent. European Journal of Haematology, 106(4), 450–455. https://doi.org/10.1111/ejh.13571
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